TY - JOUR
T1 - Alcohol Advertising and Violence
AU - Trangenstein, Pamela J.
AU - Greene, Naomi
AU - Eck, Raimee H.
AU - Milam, Adam J.
AU - Furr-Holden, C. Debra
AU - Jernigan, David H.
N1 - Funding Information:
The project described was supported by Award Numbers T32AA007240, Graduate Research Training in Alcohol Problems: Alcohol-Related Disparities and P50AA005595; Epidemiology of Alcohol Problems: Alcohol-Related Disparities from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; and 2P60MD000214 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities.
Funding Information:
The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official view of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH, or the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. The project described was supported by Award Numbers T32AA007240, Graduate Research Training in Alcohol Problems: Alcohol-Related Disparities and P50AA005595; Epidemiology of Alcohol Problems: Alcohol-Related Disparities from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism; and 2P60MD000214 from the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities. This work was performed while PJT was affiliated with the Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, CA. DHJ and RHE conceptualized the analysis. PJT and NG conducted exploratory data analyses, and PJT developed and conducted the final analyses with input from DHJ, RHE, and NG. With RHE help with the literature review, PJT wrote the first draft of the manuscript, and all study authors critically reviewed and revised the manuscript. DF-H and AJM designed and oversaw the outlet observations to collect the advertising data. A previous version of this analysis was presented as a poster at the American Public Health Association Annual Meeting & Expo, November 10?14, 2018 in San Diego, CA. Dr. Trangenstein received research support from the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association. No other financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this paper.
Funding Information:
Dr. Trangenstein received research support from the National Alcohol Beverage Control Association. No other financial disclosures were reported by the authors of this paper.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 American Journal of Preventive Medicine
PY - 2020/3
Y1 - 2020/3
N2 - Introduction: Numerous studies have found associations between alcohol outlet density and violence, but it is unknown whether alcohol advertisements visible outside outlets are also associated with violent crime. Baltimore City, MD enacted restrictions on retail alcohol establishment advertising practices as of June 5, 2017. This study examines the association between alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime before this restriction. Methods: Outlet observations (n=683) were conducted in summer 2015, and violent crime data (n=24,085) were from June 5, 2015, through June 4, 2017. The number of violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet of outlets was summed using kernel density estimation. In 2018–2019, authors used mixed models with a Simes–Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Results: Roughly half (47%, n=267) of the outlets with complete data (n=572) had alcohol advertisements visible from the exterior. Outlets with alcohol advertisements had 15% more violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet (eβ=1.15, 95% CI=1.07, 1.25, q<0.001) after adjusting for neighborhood context. All associations between alcohol advertisements and specific types of violent crime were significant, with the association strongest for homicides (eβ=1.28, 95% CI=1.13, 1.46, q<0.001). There was no association between cigarette advertisements and violent crime (eB=1.08, 95% CI=0.92, 1.26, q=0.43). Conclusions: Alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise outlets were associated with increased violent crime over and above the association between the outlets themselves and violent crime. Reducing alcohol advertising visible from the street may decrease risk of violent crime that is associated with alcohol outlets.
AB - Introduction: Numerous studies have found associations between alcohol outlet density and violence, but it is unknown whether alcohol advertisements visible outside outlets are also associated with violent crime. Baltimore City, MD enacted restrictions on retail alcohol establishment advertising practices as of June 5, 2017. This study examines the association between alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise alcohol outlets and violent crime before this restriction. Methods: Outlet observations (n=683) were conducted in summer 2015, and violent crime data (n=24,085) were from June 5, 2015, through June 4, 2017. The number of violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet of outlets was summed using kernel density estimation. In 2018–2019, authors used mixed models with a Simes–Benjamini–Hochberg correction for multiple testing. Results: Roughly half (47%, n=267) of the outlets with complete data (n=572) had alcohol advertisements visible from the exterior. Outlets with alcohol advertisements had 15% more violent crimes per square mile within 1,000 feet (eβ=1.15, 95% CI=1.07, 1.25, q<0.001) after adjusting for neighborhood context. All associations between alcohol advertisements and specific types of violent crime were significant, with the association strongest for homicides (eβ=1.28, 95% CI=1.13, 1.46, q<0.001). There was no association between cigarette advertisements and violent crime (eB=1.08, 95% CI=0.92, 1.26, q=0.43). Conclusions: Alcohol advertisements visible outside off-premise outlets were associated with increased violent crime over and above the association between the outlets themselves and violent crime. Reducing alcohol advertising visible from the street may decrease risk of violent crime that is associated with alcohol outlets.
KW - Advertising/statistics & numerical data
KW - Alcohol Drinking/epidemiology
KW - Alcoholic Beverages/economics
KW - Baltimore/epidemiology
KW - Homicide/statistics & numerical data
KW - Humans
KW - Ownership
KW - Population Density
KW - Residence Characteristics
KW - Socioeconomic Factors
KW - Spatial Analysis
KW - Violence/statistics & numerical data
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U2 - 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.024
DO - 10.1016/j.amepre.2019.10.024
M3 - Article
C2 - 31980304
AN - SCOPUS:85079069903
SN - 0749-3797
VL - 58
SP - 343
EP - 351
JO - American Journal of Preventive Medicine
JF - American Journal of Preventive Medicine
IS - 3
ER -