TY - JOUR
T1 - An application of agent-based modeling to explore the impact of decreasing incarceration rates and increasing drug treatment access on sero-discordant partnerships among people who inject drugs
AU - Linton, Sabriya L.
AU - Jarlais, Don C.Des
AU - Ornstein, Joseph T.
AU - Kasman, Matt
AU - Hammond, Ross
AU - Kianian, Behzad
AU - Smith, Justin C.
AU - Wolfe, Mary E.
AU - Ross, Zev
AU - German, Danielle
AU - Flynn, Colin
AU - Raymond, Henry F.
AU - Klevens, R. Monina
AU - Spencer, Emma
AU - Schacht, John Mark
AU - Finlayson, Teresa
AU - Paz-Bailey, Gabriela
AU - Wejnert, Cyprian
AU - Cooper, Hannah L.F.
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was supported by three grants from the National Institutes of Health : ( R01DA035101 ; R01DA046197 Cooper, PI, and P30 AI050409 ; Curran, PI). We thank the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and extend our gratitude to Sara Braunstein for sharing data collected by the New York City NHBS site, all staff at the Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco NHBS sites, and men and women who volunteered their time and participated in NHBS. We also acknowledge Elizabeth Horinek for assisting the literature review, Stephanie Beane for reviewing the paper, and the CDC clearance review team for providing final feedback on the paper.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by three grants from the National Institutes of Health: (R01DA035101; R01DA046197 Cooper, PI, and P30 AI050409; Curran, PI). We thank the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and extend our gratitude to Sara Braunstein for sharing data collected by the New York City NHBS site, all staff at the Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco NHBS sites, and men and women who volunteered their time and participated in NHBS. We also acknowledge Elizabeth Horinek for assisting the literature review, Stephanie Beane for reviewing the paper, and the CDC clearance review team for providing final feedback on the paper.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021
PY - 2021/8
Y1 - 2021/8
N2 - Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) lag behind other key populations in HIV care continuum outcomes. The impacts of criminal justice reform and increasing drug treatment access on HIV have been underexplored. Methods: We developed agent-based models (ABM) of sexual partnerships among PWID and non-PWID, and injection equipment-sharing partnerships among PWID in five US cities (Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City, San Francisco) over 3 years. The first set of ABM projected changes in partnership discordance among PWID as a function of decreasing ZIP code-level incarceration rates. The second set projected discordance as a function of increasing ZIP code-level drug treatment access. ABM were parameterized and validated overall, and by city and PWID race/ethnicity (Black, Latino, White) using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data, administrative ZIP code-level data, surveillance reports and prior literature. Informed by research on prisoner release and community-level HIV prevalence, reductions in incarceration rates were fixed at 5% and 30% and respectively projected to increase ZIP code-level HIV prevalence by 2% and 12%. Increases in drug treatment access were fixed at 30% and 58%. Results: In each city, a 30% reduction in ZIP code-level incarceration rates and 12% increase in ZIP code-level HIV prevalence significantly increased sero-discordance among at least one racial/ethnic group of PWID by 1–3 percentage points. A 5% reduction in incarceration rates, and 30% and 58% increases in drug treatment access, led to isolated significant changes in sero-discordance among Black and White PWID that were less than 1 percentage point. Conclusion: Reductions in incarceration rates may lead to short-term increases in sero-discordant partnerships among some PWID by increasing community-level HIV prevalence. Efforts to increase HIV testing, engagement in care and community reintegration post release, should be strengthened in the wake of incarceration reform. Additional research should confirm these findings and explore the lack of widespread impacts of drug treatment in this study.
AB - Background: People who inject drugs (PWID) lag behind other key populations in HIV care continuum outcomes. The impacts of criminal justice reform and increasing drug treatment access on HIV have been underexplored. Methods: We developed agent-based models (ABM) of sexual partnerships among PWID and non-PWID, and injection equipment-sharing partnerships among PWID in five US cities (Baltimore, Boston, Miami, New York City, San Francisco) over 3 years. The first set of ABM projected changes in partnership discordance among PWID as a function of decreasing ZIP code-level incarceration rates. The second set projected discordance as a function of increasing ZIP code-level drug treatment access. ABM were parameterized and validated overall, and by city and PWID race/ethnicity (Black, Latino, White) using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data, administrative ZIP code-level data, surveillance reports and prior literature. Informed by research on prisoner release and community-level HIV prevalence, reductions in incarceration rates were fixed at 5% and 30% and respectively projected to increase ZIP code-level HIV prevalence by 2% and 12%. Increases in drug treatment access were fixed at 30% and 58%. Results: In each city, a 30% reduction in ZIP code-level incarceration rates and 12% increase in ZIP code-level HIV prevalence significantly increased sero-discordance among at least one racial/ethnic group of PWID by 1–3 percentage points. A 5% reduction in incarceration rates, and 30% and 58% increases in drug treatment access, led to isolated significant changes in sero-discordance among Black and White PWID that were less than 1 percentage point. Conclusion: Reductions in incarceration rates may lead to short-term increases in sero-discordant partnerships among some PWID by increasing community-level HIV prevalence. Efforts to increase HIV testing, engagement in care and community reintegration post release, should be strengthened in the wake of incarceration reform. Additional research should confirm these findings and explore the lack of widespread impacts of drug treatment in this study.
KW - Agent-based models
KW - Drug treatment
KW - HIV
KW - Incarceration
KW - People who inject drugs
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U2 - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103194
DO - 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103194
M3 - Article
C2 - 33812133
AN - SCOPUS:85105023364
SN - 0955-3959
VL - 94
JO - International Journal of Drug Policy
JF - International Journal of Drug Policy
M1 - 103194
ER -