TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessing heavy metal exposure in Renaissance Europe using synchrotron microbeam techniques
AU - Lanzirotti, Antonio
AU - Bianucci, Raffaella
AU - LeGeros, Racquel
AU - Bromage, Timothy G.
AU - Giuffra, Valentina
AU - Ferroglio, Ezio
AU - Fornaciari, Gino
AU - Appenzeller, Otto
N1 - Funding Information:
The study was approved by the Soprintendenza per I Beni Artistici e Storici della Campania, Naples, Italy May 22 1984, protocol # 4800. Portions of this work were performed at Beamline X26A, National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS), Brookhaven National Laboratory. X26A is supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) - Geosciences ( DE-FG02-92ER14244 to The University of Chicago - CARS). Use of the NSLS was supported by U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC02-98CH10886 . We acknowledge Anna Trisciuoglio (University of Turin, Dept. of Veterinary Sciences) for technical support in Western Blotting analysis. Support was also provided by the 2010 Max Planck Research Award to TGB, endowed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in respect of the Hard Tissue Research Program in Human Paleobiomics. Additional funds were made available by the New Mexico Health Enhancement and Marathon Clinics Research Foundation, Albuquerque NM USA . We also wish to thank the two anonymous reviewers of this manuscript. Their insightful reviews significantly improved this work.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2014 Elsevier Ltd.
PY - 2014/8/15
Y1 - 2014/8/15
N2 - A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tissues to assess the potential exposure of historic figures and ancient populations to heavy metals. Accurately assessing historic levels of heavy-metal body burden for these individuals based on analysis of remnant soft-tissue, hair and bone collected from preserved human remains is often complicated by the potential for post-mortem chemical modifications and contamination of the body and burial site. This study employs high-resolution, synchrotron-based elemental X-ray fluorescence mapping, tomography and absorption spectroscopy of human remains collected in an archaeological context in an effort to discriminate between heavy metals such as mercury and lead that may have been incorporated through either endogenous or exogenous processes. These methods were used to analyze bone and hair samples from Ferrante II of Aragon, King of Naples (1469-1496) and Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (1470-1524). These individuals are likely to have been exposed to generally similar levels of heavy metals in their lifetime, would have been embalmed using similar methods and the post-mortem exposure to contaminants is likely to have been similar. Although the remains from both Ferrante II of Aragon and Isabella of Aragon contain high amounts of mercury and lead, the high-resolution and -sensitivity synchrotron microprobe techniques employed in this study provide insight in to the likelihood these metals were incorporated pre-mortem rather than as ante-mortem contaminants. Although synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and tomography are generally consistent with measured mercury from Isabella hair samples being endogenous in nature, the high levels of mercury seen in Ferrante II's remains are most likely related to post-mortem embalming of the corpse. However, application of microfocused X-ray fluorescence compositional mapping and lead L2 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to bone samples collected from Ferrante II show that the measured lead is likely endogenous and the result of in-life exposure to this heavy metal.
AB - A number of archaeological studies have used chemical analysis of preserved, human biological tissues to assess the potential exposure of historic figures and ancient populations to heavy metals. Accurately assessing historic levels of heavy-metal body burden for these individuals based on analysis of remnant soft-tissue, hair and bone collected from preserved human remains is often complicated by the potential for post-mortem chemical modifications and contamination of the body and burial site. This study employs high-resolution, synchrotron-based elemental X-ray fluorescence mapping, tomography and absorption spectroscopy of human remains collected in an archaeological context in an effort to discriminate between heavy metals such as mercury and lead that may have been incorporated through either endogenous or exogenous processes. These methods were used to analyze bone and hair samples from Ferrante II of Aragon, King of Naples (1469-1496) and Isabella of Aragon, Duchess of Milan (1470-1524). These individuals are likely to have been exposed to generally similar levels of heavy metals in their lifetime, would have been embalmed using similar methods and the post-mortem exposure to contaminants is likely to have been similar. Although the remains from both Ferrante II of Aragon and Isabella of Aragon contain high amounts of mercury and lead, the high-resolution and -sensitivity synchrotron microprobe techniques employed in this study provide insight in to the likelihood these metals were incorporated pre-mortem rather than as ante-mortem contaminants. Although synchrotron X-ray fluorescence mapping and tomography are generally consistent with measured mercury from Isabella hair samples being endogenous in nature, the high levels of mercury seen in Ferrante II's remains are most likely related to post-mortem embalming of the corpse. However, application of microfocused X-ray fluorescence compositional mapping and lead L2 edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy to bone samples collected from Ferrante II show that the measured lead is likely endogenous and the result of in-life exposure to this heavy metal.
KW - Heavy metals
KW - Neapolitan nobles
KW - Renaissance
KW - Synchrotron microprobe
KW - X-ray absorption spectroscopy
KW - X-ray fluorescence
KW - Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis
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U2 - 10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.019
DO - 10.1016/j.jas.2014.08.019
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:84907189594
VL - 52
SP - 204
EP - 217
JO - Journal of Archaeological Science
JF - Journal of Archaeological Science
SN - 0305-4403
ER -