TY - JOUR
T1 - Assessment of the prevalence of lead-based paint exposure risk in Jakarta, Indonesia
AU - Ericson, Bret
AU - Hariojati, Nickolaus
AU - Susilorini, Budi
AU - Crampe, Lara Fisher
AU - Fuller, Richard
AU - Taylor, Mark Patrick
AU - Caravanos, Jack
N1 - Funding Information:
This research was completed as a requirement of the Global Environment Facility supported project “Reducing Environmental and Health Risks to Vulnerable Communities from Lead Contamination from Lead Paint and Recycling of Used Lead Acid Batteries” (Project ID 5701). Support was also provided by the European Commission ( DCI-ENV/2015/371157 ). BE is a recipient of an International Macquarie University Research Excellence Scholarship. Support was provided by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia), BaliFokus , and Komite Penghapusan Bensin Bertimbel . Chenyin Dong and Roni Kobrosly provided guidance on statistical analysis.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2018
PY - 2019/3/20
Y1 - 2019/3/20
N2 - While lead-based paint has been banned for use in residential settings in most high-income countries, it remains commonly available in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite its continued availability, little is known about the specific exposure risk posed by lead-based paint in LMICs. To address this knowledge gap, an assessment of home and preschool dust and paint was carried out in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. A team of investigators used field portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) to measure 1574 painted surfaces for the presence of lead (mg/cm2) and collected 222 surface dust wipe samples for lead loading (μg/m2) from 103 homes and 19 preschools across 13 different neighborhoods of Jakarta. The assessment found that 2.7% (n = 42) of pXRF measurements and 0.05% (n = 1) of dust wipe samples exceeded the commonly applied USEPA guideline values for paint (1 mg/cm2) and dust (floors: 431 μg/m2; window sills: 2691 μg/m2). Thus, contrary to expectations the locations analyzed in Greater Jakarta showed that exposure risk to lead-based paint appears low. Further study is required in other settings to confirm the findings here. Precautionary measures, such as the proposed ban on lead-based paint, should be taken to prevent the significant social and economic costs associated with lead exposure.
AB - While lead-based paint has been banned for use in residential settings in most high-income countries, it remains commonly available in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite its continued availability, little is known about the specific exposure risk posed by lead-based paint in LMICs. To address this knowledge gap, an assessment of home and preschool dust and paint was carried out in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia. A team of investigators used field portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) to measure 1574 painted surfaces for the presence of lead (mg/cm2) and collected 222 surface dust wipe samples for lead loading (μg/m2) from 103 homes and 19 preschools across 13 different neighborhoods of Jakarta. The assessment found that 2.7% (n = 42) of pXRF measurements and 0.05% (n = 1) of dust wipe samples exceeded the commonly applied USEPA guideline values for paint (1 mg/cm2) and dust (floors: 431 μg/m2; window sills: 2691 μg/m2). Thus, contrary to expectations the locations analyzed in Greater Jakarta showed that exposure risk to lead-based paint appears low. Further study is required in other settings to confirm the findings here. Precautionary measures, such as the proposed ban on lead-based paint, should be taken to prevent the significant social and economic costs associated with lead exposure.
KW - Indonesia
KW - LMICs
KW - Lead
KW - Paint
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U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.154
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.154
M3 - Article
C2 - 30677904
AN - SCOPUS:85058942179
SN - 0048-9697
VL - 657
SP - 1382
EP - 1388
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
ER -