@article{f68aef601af24f15ad1bf113f7ae937a,
title = "Behavioral, Physiological, and Neural Signatures of Surprise during Naturalistic Sports Viewing",
abstract = "Surprise signals a discrepancy between past and current beliefs. It is theorized to be linked to affective experiences, the creation of particularly resilient memories, and segmentation of the flow of experience into discrete perceived events. However, the ability to precisely measure naturalistic surprise has remained elusive. We used advanced basketball analytics to derive a quantitative measure of surprise and characterized its behavioral, physiological, and neural correlates in human subjects observing basketball games. We found that surprise was associated with segmentation of ongoing experiences, as reflected by subjectively perceived event boundaries and shifts in neocortical patterns underlying belief states. Interestingly, these effects differed by whether surprising moments contradicted or bolstered current predominant beliefs. Surprise also positively correlated with pupil dilation, activation in subcortical regions associated with dopamine, game enjoyment, and long-term memory. These investigations support key predictions from event segmentation theory and extend theoretical conceptualizations of surprise to real-world contexts.",
keywords = "dopamine, event perception, fMRI, memory, naturalistic stimuli, prediction error, pupil dilation, reinforcement learning, sports psychology, surprise",
author = "Antony, {James W.} and Hartshorne, {Thomas H.} and Ken Pomeroy and Gureckis, {Todd M.} and Uri Hasson and McDougle, {Samuel D.} and Norman, {Kenneth A.}",
note = "Funding Information: This work was supported by a CV Starr Fellowship (to J.W.A.) and ONR MURI grant N00014-17-1-2961 (to K.A.N. and U.H.). We thank Wazee Digital and the NCAA for game footage, Vishnu Murty for help with ROIs, Lisa Musz for the free-recall scoring rubric, James Howard and Jeff Zacks for helpful comments on drafts of this manuscript, Robin Gomila for help with mixed-effects models, and Chris Baldassano, Kelly Bennion, Silvy Collin, Nick DePinto, Robert Hawkins, Manoj Kumar, Qihong Lu, Rolando Masis-Obando, Lizzie McDevitt, Anne Mennen, Sebastian Michelmann, Ida Momennejad, Sam Nastase, Mark Pinsk, Victoria Ritvo, Nina Rouhani, Monika Sch{\"o}nauer, Yeon Soon Shin, and Jamal Williams for assisting with data collection and/or various aspects of this project. Funding Information: This work was supported by a CV Starr Fellowship (to J.W.A.) and ONR MURI grant N00014-17-1-2961 (to K.A.N. and U.H.). We thank Wazee Digital and the NCAA for game footage, Vishnu Murty for help with ROIs, Lisa Musz for the free-recall scoring rubric, James Howard and Jeff Zacks for helpful comments on drafts of this manuscript, Robin Gomila for help with mixed-effects models, and Chris Baldassano, Kelly Bennion, Silvy Collin, Nick DePinto, Robert Hawkins, Manoj Kumar, Qihong Lu, Rolando Masis-Obando, Lizzie McDevitt, Anne Mennen, Sebastian Michelmann, Ida Momennejad, Sam Nastase, Mark Pinsk, Victoria Ritvo, Nina Rouhani, Monika Sch?nauer, Yeon Soon Shin, and Jamal Williams for assisting with data collection and/or various aspects of this project. J.W.A. conceived the experiment. S.D.M. U.H. and K.A.N. contributed to the experimental design early on, and S.D.M. U.H. T.M.G. and K.A.N. provided analysis ideas. J.W.A. programmed the experiment, collected some data, and performed the bulk of the analyses. T.H.H. scored the recall data. K.P. computed and provided win probability metrics. J.W.A. S.D.M. and K.A.N. wrote the manuscript. All authors discussed the results and revised the paper. K.P. runs a for-profit sports analytics website and generated the win probability metrics against which we compared our belief-state model. However, his role in this project was limited to sharing and discussing these metrics. Furthermore, although he may benefit from larger exposure, there is no foreseeable commercial benefit he would obtain from the results of this publication. The other authors declare no competing interests. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 Elsevier Inc.",
year = "2021",
month = jan,
day = "20",
doi = "10.1016/j.neuron.2020.10.029",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "109",
pages = "377--390.e7",
journal = "Neuron",
issn = "0896-6273",
publisher = "Cell Press",
number = "2",
}