Abstract
Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 139-152 |
| Number of pages | 14 |
| Journal | Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment |
| Volume | 618 |
| Issue number | 1-3 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - Jun 1 2010 |
Keywords
- Cherenkov
- Cosmic rays
- Ice
- Neutrino
- PMT
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Nuclear and High Energy Physics
- Instrumentation
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In: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 618, No. 1-3, 01.06.2010, p. 139-152.
Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Calibration and characterization of the IceCube photomultiplier tube
AU - Abbasi, R.
AU - Abdou, Y.
AU - Abu-Zayyad, T.
AU - Adams, J.
AU - Aguilar, J. A.
AU - Ahlers, M.
AU - Andeen, K.
AU - Auffenberg, J.
AU - Bai, X.
AU - Baker, M.
AU - Barwick, S. W.
AU - Bay, R.
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AU - Bechet, S.
AU - Becker, J. K.
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AU - Benabderrahmane, M. L.
AU - Berdermann, J.
AU - Berghaus, P.
AU - Berley, D.
AU - Bernardini, E.
AU - Bertrand, D.
AU - Besson, D. Z.
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AU - Blaufuss, E.
AU - Boersma, D. J.
AU - Bohm, C.
AU - Botner, O.
AU - Bradley, L.
AU - Braun, J.
AU - Buitink, S.
AU - Carson, M.
AU - Chirkin, D.
AU - Christy, B.
AU - Clem, J.
AU - Cohen, S.
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AU - Cowen, D. F.
AU - D'Agostino, M. V.
AU - Danninger, M.
AU - De Clercq, C.
AU - Demirörs, L.
AU - Depaepe, O.
AU - Descamps, F.
AU - Desiati, P.
AU - De Vries-Uiterweerd, G.
AU - DeYoung, T.
AU - Díaz-Vélez, J. C.
AU - Dreyer, J.
AU - Dumm, J. P.
AU - Duvoort, M. R.
AU - Ehrlich, R.
AU - Eisch, J.
AU - Ellsworth, R. W.
AU - Engdegård, O.
AU - Euler, S.
AU - Evenson, P. A.
AU - Fadiran, O.
AU - Fazely, A. R.
AU - Feusels, T.
AU - Filimonov, K.
AU - Finley, C.
AU - Foerster, M. M.
AU - Fox, B. D.
AU - Franckowiak, A.
AU - Franke, R.
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AU - Gladstone, L.
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AU - Goodman, J. A.
AU - Grant, D.
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AU - Groß, A.
AU - Grullon, S.
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AU - Middell, E.
AU - Milke, N.
AU - Miyamoto, H.
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AU - Morse, R.
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AU - Olivas, A.
AU - Olivo, M.
AU - Ono, M.
AU - Panknin, S.
AU - Paul, L.
AU - Pérez De Los Heros, C.
AU - Petrovic, J.
AU - Piegsa, A.
AU - Pieloth, D.
AU - Pohl, A. C.
AU - Porrata, R.
AU - Posselt, J.
AU - Price, P. B.
AU - Prikockis, M.
AU - Przybylski, G. T.
AU - Rawlins, K.
AU - Redl, P.
AU - Resconi, E.
AU - Rhode, W.
AU - Ribordy, M.
AU - Rizzo, A.
AU - Robl, P.
AU - Rodrigues, J. P.
AU - Roth, P.
AU - Rothmaier, F.
AU - Rott, C.
AU - Roucelle, C.
AU - Rutledge, D.
AU - Ruzybayev, B.
AU - Ryckbosch, D.
AU - Sander, H. G.
AU - Sandstrom, P.
AU - Sarkar, S.
AU - Schatto, K.
AU - Schlenstedt, S.
AU - Schmidt, T.
AU - Schneider, D.
AU - Schukraft, A.
AU - Schultes, A.
AU - Schulz, O.
AU - Schunck, M.
AU - Seckel, D.
AU - Semburg, B.
AU - Seo, S. H.
AU - Sestayo, Y.
AU - Seunarine, S.
AU - Silvestri, A.
AU - Slipak, A.
AU - Spiczak, G. M.
AU - Spiering, C.
AU - Stamatikos, M.
AU - Stanev, T.
AU - Stephens, G.
AU - Stezelberger, T.
AU - Stokstad, R. G.
AU - Stoyanov, S.
AU - Strahler, E. A.
AU - Straszheim, T.
AU - Sullivan, G. W.
AU - Swillens, Q.
AU - Taboada, I.
AU - Tamburro, A.
AU - Tarasova, O.
AU - Tepe, A.
AU - Ter-Antonyan, S.
AU - Terranova, C.
AU - Tilav, S.
AU - Toale, P. A.
AU - Tosi, D.
AU - Turčan, D.
AU - Van Eijndhoven, N.
AU - Vandenbroucke, J.
AU - Van Overloop, A.
AU - Van Santen, J.
AU - Voigt, B.
AU - Wahl, D.
AU - Walck, C.
AU - Waldenmaier, T.
AU - Wallraff, M.
AU - Walter, M.
AU - Wendt, C.
AU - Westerhoff, S.
AU - Whitehorn, N.
AU - Wiebe, K.
AU - Wiebusch, C. H.
AU - Wikström, G.
AU - Williams, D. R.
AU - Wischnewski, R.
AU - Wissing, H.
AU - Woschnagg, K.
AU - Xu, C.
AU - Xu, X. W.
AU - Yodh, G.
AU - Yoshida, S.
AU - Zarzhitsky, P.
PY - 2010/6/1
Y1 - 2010/6/1
N2 - Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.
AB - Over 5000 PMTs are being deployed at the South Pole to compose the IceCube neutrino observatory. Many are placed deep in the ice to detect Cherenkov light emitted by the products of high-energy neutrino interactions, and others are frozen into tanks on the surface to detect particles from atmospheric cosmic ray showers. IceCube is using the 10-in. diameter R7081-02 made by Hamamatsu Photonics. This paper describes the laboratory characterization and calibration of these PMTs before deployment. PMTs were illuminated with pulses ranging from single photons to saturation level. Parameterizations are given for the single photoelectron charge spectrum and the saturation behavior. Time resolution, late pulses and afterpulses are characterized. Because the PMTs are relatively large, the cathode sensitivity uniformity was measured. The absolute photon detection efficiency was calibrated using Rayleigh-scattered photons from a nitrogen laser. Measured characteristics are discussed in the context of their relevance to IceCube event reconstruction and simulation efforts.
KW - Cherenkov
KW - Cosmic rays
KW - Ice
KW - Neutrino
KW - PMT
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=77957556888&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=77957556888&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102
DO - 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.102
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:77957556888
SN - 0168-9002
VL - 618
SP - 139
EP - 152
JO - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
JF - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment
IS - 1-3
ER -