@article{a657e3d9ad9a464d8095d4bf7f9c2bc8,
title = "Cardiovascular responses elicited by stimulation of neurons in the central amygdaloid nucleus in awake but not anesthetized rats resemble conditioned emotional responses",
abstract = "Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the central amygdaloid nucleus were examined in awake and anesthetized rats. Stimulation through chronically implanted electrodes evoked increases in arterial pressure and heart rate in awake, freely behaving rats. The responses, which were dependent upon the frequency and the intensity of the stimulus, were not consistently related to the presence of evoked amygdaloid afterdischarges or to evoked behavioral reactions. Following induction of anesthesia, stimuli delivered to the same rats through the same fixed electrodes produced decreases in blood pressure and heart rate. Microinjection of l-glutamate into the amygdala of freely behaving rats also elicited increases in arterial pressure and heart rate, indicating that the cardiovascular changes evoked by electrical stimuli are due to excitation of local neurons rather than fibers of passage. The timing and pattern of the response elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala in the awake but not anesthetized rat closely corresponds with that evoked by an acoustic conditioned emotional stimulus.",
keywords = "Amygdala, Cardiovascular, Classical conditioning, Emotion",
author = "Jiro Iwata and Koichi Chida and LeDoux, {Joseph E.}",
note = "Funding Information: Supported by grants from NIMH (MH 38774), NIH (HL 18974), and the American Heart Association (GIA 84-836). J.E.LeD. is an Established Inves- 1 Applegate, C.D., Frysinger, R.C., Kapp, B.S. and Gal-lagher, M., Multiple unit activity recorded from amygdala central nucleus during Pavlovian heart rate conditioning in rabbit, Brain Research, 238 (1982) 457-462. 2 Cechetto, D.F. and Calaresu, F.R., Units in the amygdala responding to activation of carotid-and chemoreceptors, Am. J. Physiol., 246 (1984) R832-R836. 3 Galeno, T. and Brody, M.J., Hemodynamic responses to amygdaloid stimulation in spontaneously hypertensive rats, Am. J. Physiol., 245 (1983) R281-286. 4 Gloor, P., The pattern of conduction of amygdaloid seizure discharge, Am. Med. Ass. Arch. Neurol. Psychiat., 77 (1977) 247-258. 5 Goodchild, A.K., Dampney, R.A.L. and Bandler, R.J., A method for evoking physiological responses by stimulation of cell bodies, but not axons of passage, within localized re-gions of the central nervous system, J. Neurosci. Meth., 6 (1982) 351-363. 6 Heym, J., Steinfels, G.F. and Jacobs, B.L., Chloral hy-drate anesthesia alters the responsiveness of central sero-tonergic neurons in the cat, Brain Research, 291 (1984) 63-72. 7 Hitchcock, J.M. and Davis, M., Lesions of the amygdala, but not of the cerebellum or red nucleus, block conditioned fear as measured with the potentiated startle paradigm, Be-hay. Neurosci., 100 (1986) 11-22. 8 Hopkins, D.A. and Holstege, G., Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata in the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 32 (1978) 529-547. 9 Iwata, J., LeDoux, J.E., Meeley, M.P., Arneric, S. and Reis, D.J., Intrinsic neurons in the amygdaloid field pro-jected to by the medial geniculate body mediate emotional responses conditioned to acoustic stimuli, Brain Research, 333 (1978) 194-214. 10 Kapp, B.S., Frysinger, R.C., Gallagher, M. and Haselton, J., Amygdala central nucleus lesions: effect on heart condi-tioning in the rabbit, Physiol. Behav., 23 (1979) 1109-1117. 11 Kapp, B.S., Gallagher, M., Underwood, M.D., McNall, C.L. and Whitehorn, D., Cardiovascular responses elicited by electrical stimulation of the amygdala central nucleus in the rabbit, Brain Research, 234 (1982) 251-262. 12 Kapp, B.S., Pascoe, J.P. and Bixler, M.A., The amygdala: a neuroanatornical systems approach to its contributions to aversive conditioning. In N. Butters, and L.R. Squire (Eds.), The Neuropsychology, of Memory, Guilford Press, Guilford, 1984, pp. 473-488. 13 LeDoux, J.E., Del Bo, A., Harshfield, G.A., Tucker, L.W., Talman, W.T. and Reis, D.J., Hierarchical organi-zation of blood pressure responses during the expression of tigator of the American Heart Association (El 86-181).",
year = "1987",
month = aug,
day = "18",
doi = "10.1016/0006-8993(87)90978-4",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "418",
pages = "183--188",
journal = "Brain Research",
issn = "0006-8993",
publisher = "Elsevier",
number = "1",
}