@article{ec03744e1a7543d1b2ceca32b84480b3,
title = "Combined Non-invasive PIXE/PIGE Analyses of Mammoth Ivory from Aurignacian Archaeological Sites",
abstract = "Among the earliest Homo sapiens societies in Eurasia, the Aurignacian phase of the Early Upper Paleolithic, approximately 40 000–30 000 years ago, mammoth ivory assumed great social and economic significance, and was used to create hundreds of personal ornaments as well as the earliest known works of three-dimensional figurative art in the world. This paper reports on the results of micro-PIXE/PIGE analyses of mammoth-ivory artifacts and debris from five major sites of Aurignacian ivory use. Patterns of variable fluorine content indicate regionally distinctive strategies of ivory procurement that correspond to apparent differences in human–mammoth interactions. Preserved trace elements (Br, Sr, Zn) indicate that differences at the regional level are applicable to sourcing Paleolithic ivory at the regional scale.",
keywords = "Palaeolithic mammoth ivory, micro-PIXE/PIGE, site-specific markers, subfossil ivory, trace elements",
author = "Ina Reiche and Claire Heckel and Katharina M{\"u}ller and Olaf J{\"o}ris and Tim Matthies and Conard, {Nicholas J.} and Harald Floss and Randall White",
note = "Funding Information: Analyses reported here were performed with support from two European infrastructures: 2013–2014 from the CHARISMA program co-funded by the European Commission (EC) within the action “Research Infrastructures” of the “Capacities” Programme Grant Agreement (GA) No. FP7-228330 as part of the project “Taphonomic alteration and trace-element preservation in mammoth ivory from Early Upper Paleolithic contexts” and from 2015 from the IPE-RION-CH program (GA No. 654028) as part of the project “Diagenesis and comparison of ivory artifacts in French Early Upper Paleolithic Contexts”. We thank the members of the F{\'e}d{\'e}ration de Recherche (FR3506) New AGLAE laboratory (jointly supported by the CNRS and the Minist{\`e}re de la Culture, France) for their assistance during the analyses: Claire Pacheco, Laurent Pichon, Quentin Lemasson, and Brice Moignard. Information regarding the funding and acknowledgements for the excavations at the study sites may be found in the sources cited in the site descriptions. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim",
year = "2018",
month = jun,
day = "18",
doi = "10.1002/anie.201712911",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "57",
pages = "7428--7432",
journal = "Angewandte Chemie - International Edition",
issn = "1433-7851",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Ltd",
number = "25",
}