@article{bd3462e376474be5bda2d8e94ddf30ac,
title = "Crack use and correlates of use in a national population of street heroin users†",
abstract = "Traditionally, researchers and clinicians have viewed street heroin users as representing an end point in a drug-using career. It is toward this population that major national treatment efforts have been directed. Concomitant with the historical national concern about heroin use has been concern about the increase in crack cocaine use. There has been speculation that crack use may have become a substitute for the higher risk of heroin injection. This article examines the impact of crack use in a national population of heroin users. It was consistently found that there was a correlation between the frequency of crack use and the frequency of speedballing as well as the use of other forms of cocaine, amphetamines, and marijuana. There was also a positive relationship between frequency of crack use and such HIV risk behaviors as renting needles and having a large number of sex partners. The data suggest that in this population of heroin users, crack is not a substitute for heroin but rather is a part of a drug-use pattern that includes an increased use of other drugs and increased high-risk behaviors for contracting HIV.",
keywords = "Correlates of use, Crack cocaine, HIV high-risk behaviors, Heroin, Injecting drug users",
author = "McBride, {Duane C.} and Inciardi, {James A.} and Chitwood, {Dale D.} and McCoy, {Clyde B.} and Marcia Andersen and Robert Baxter and Sandra Baxter and George Beschner and Patrick Biernacki and Stanley Broadnax and Vivian Brown and Larry DeNeal and Sherry Deren and Antonio Estrada and David Fleming and Samuel Friedman and Sena Gates and Peggy Glider and Ted Hammett and Dana Hult and Lynne Kotranski and Clyde McCoy and Josette Mondanaro and Harvey Musikoff and Richard Needle and Fen Rhodes and Rafaela Robles and Roy Ross and Bruce Rounsaville and Jean Schensul and Vernon Shorty and Harvey Siegal and Merrill Singer and Frederick Snyder and Barbara Sowder and Richard Stephens and Sally Stevens and Kenneth Vogtsberger and Judith Walton and Deena Watson and Wayne Weibel and Mark Williams and Robert Wood",
note = "Funding Information: tRescarch supported by National Institute of Drug Abuse Grant Rl8A05349. *Andrews University, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Institute of Alcoholism and Drug Dependency. ••Director, Center for Drug and Alcohol Studies, University of Delaware. •••University of Miami, Comprehensive Drug Research Center, School of Medicine. ••••Principal investigators and members of the Consortium who contributed to the data contained in this article include: Marcia Andersen, Ph.D.; Robert Baxter, M.Ed.; Sandra Baxter; George Beschner, M.S.W.; Patrick Biernacki, Ph.D.; Stanley Broadnax, M.D.; Vivian Brown, Ph.D.; Larry DeNeal, Ph.D.; Sherry Deren, Ph.D.; Antonio Estrada, Ph.D.; David Fleming, M.D.; Samuel Friedman, Ph.D.; Sena Gates; Peggy Glider, Ph.D.; Ted Hammett, Ph.D.; Dana HIDlt, Ph.D.; Lynne Kotranski, Ph.D.; Clyde McCoy, Ph.D.; Josette Mondanaro, M.D.; Harvey Musikoff, Ph.D.; Richard Needle, Ph.D.; Fen Rhodes, Ph.D.; Rafaela Robles, Ed. D.; Roy Ross; Bruce Rounsaville, M.D.; Jean Schensul, Ph.D.; Vernon Shorty; Harvey Siegal, Ph.D.; Merrill Singer, Ph.D.; Frederick Snyder, Ph.D.; Barbara Sowder, Ph.D.; Richard Stephens, Ph.D.; Sally Stevens, Ph.D.; Kenneth Vogtsberger, M.D.; Judith Walton; Deena Watson, M.S.; Wayne Weibel, Ph.D.; Mark Williams, Ph.D.; Robert Wood, M.D.",
year = "1992",
doi = "10.1080/02791072.1992.10471665",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "24",
pages = "411--416",
journal = "Journal of Psychoactive Drugs",
issn = "0279-1072",
publisher = "Haight-Ashbury Publications",
number = "4",
}