@article{2b4579d43b1a49d1a899e43c990083b4,
title = "Current models of nicotine dependence: What is known and what is needed to advance understanding of tobacco etiology among youth",
abstract = "Youth smoking has risen dramatically during the last 5 years, leading one to the conclusion that prevention interventions have not been particularly effective. This paper provides an examination of features that define adult nicotine dependence and argues that these features need to be considered in any studied examination of youth etiology and development to nicotine dependence. We review the historical context for the concept of nicotine dependence, features that define the concept and current models of substance dependence more generally. Recommendations for future research are provided. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ireland Ltd.",
keywords = "Adolescent, Children, Etiology, Nicotine dependence, Prevention, Tobacco",
author = "Shadel, {William G.} and Saul Shiffman and Raymond Niaura and Mark Nichter and Abrams, {David B.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors wish to thank the members of the Tobacco Etiology Research Network (Richard R. Clayton, Robert L. Balster, Linda M. Collins, Brian R. Flay, Gary Giovino, Jack E. Henningfield, Mary Jeanne Kreek, Robert J. McMahon, Kathleen R. Merikangas, Stephen Tiffany) and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation (Marjorie A. Gutman, Nancy J. Kaufman, Denis Prager) for their suggestions and comments on versions of this manuscript. The manuscript also benefited greatly from the suggestions of John Hughes and Richard Brown. We also would like to thank Susan Burnam for her administrative assistance. Work on this manuscript was supported, in part, by the Tobacco Etiology Research Network and The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation.",
year = "2000",
month = may,
day = "1",
doi = "10.1016/S0376-8716(99)00162-3",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "59",
pages = "S9--22",
journal = "Drug and alcohol dependence",
issn = "0376-8716",
publisher = "Elsevier Ireland Ltd",
number = "SUPPL. 1",
}