Demystifying "free will": The role of contextual information and evidence accumulation for predictive brain activity

Stefan Bode, Carsten Murawski, Chun Siong Soon, Philipp Bode, Jutta Stahl, Philip L. Smith

Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review

Abstract

Novel multivariate pattern classification analyses have enabled the prediction of decision outcomes from brain activity prior to decision-makers' reported awareness. These findings are often discussed in relation to the philosophical concept of "free will". We argue that these studies demonstrate the role of unconscious processes in simple free choices, but they do not inform the philosophical debate. Moreover, these findings are difficult to relate to cognitive decision-making models, due to misleading assumptions about random choices. We review evidence suggesting that sequential-sampling models, which assume accumulation of evidence towards a decision threshold, can also be applied to free decisions. If external evidence is eliminated by the task instructions, decision-makers might use alternative, subtle contextual information as evidence, such as their choice history, that is not consciously monitored and usually concealed by the experimental design. We conclude that the investigation of neural activity patterns associated with free decisions should aim to investigate how decisions are jointly a function of internal and external contexts, rather than to resolve the philosophical "free will" debate.

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)636-645
Number of pages10
JournalNeuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
Volume47
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 1 2014

Keywords

  • Context effects
  • Decision-making
  • Evidence accumulation models
  • Free will
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • Multivariate pattern classification analysis
  • Predictive brain activity

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Neuroscience

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