Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults

Courtney K. Blackwell; Phillip Sherlock; Kathryn L. Jackson; Julie A. Hofheimer; David Cella; Molly A. Algermissen; Akram N. Alshawabkeh; Lyndsay A. Avalos; Tracy Bastain; Clancy Blair; Michelle Bosquet Enlow; Patricia A. Brennan; Carrie Breton; Nicole R. Bush; Aruna Chandran; Shaina Collazo; Elisabeth Conradt; Sheila E. Crowell; Sean Deoni; Amy J. Elliott; Jean A. Frazier; Jody M. Ganiban; Diane R. Gold; Julie B. Herbstman; Christine Joseph; Margaret R. Karagas; Barry Lester; Jessica A. Lasky-Su; Leslie D. Leve; Kaja Z. LeWinn; W. Alex Mason; Elisabeth C. McGowan; Kimberly S. McKee; Rachel L. Miller; Jenae M. Neiderhiser; Thomas G. O’Connor; Emily Oken; T. Michael O’Shea; David Pagliaccio; Rebecca J. Schmidt; Anne Marie Singh; Joseph B. Stanford; Leonardo Trasande; Rosalind J. Wright; Cristiane S. Duarte; Amy E. Margolis

doi:10.1037/pas0001211

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults

Courtney K. Blackwell, Phillip Sherlock, Kathryn L. Jackson, Julie A. Hofheimer, David Cella, Molly A. Algermissen, Akram N. Alshawabkeh, Lyndsay A. Avalos, Tracy Bastain, Clancy Blair, Michelle Bosquet Enlow, Patricia A. Brennan, Carrie Breton, Nicole R. Bush, Aruna Chandran, Shaina Collazo, Elisabeth Conradt, Sheila E. Crowell, Sean Deoni, Amy J. ElliottJean A. Frazier, Jody M. Ganiban, Diane R. Gold, Julie B. Herbstman, Christine Joseph, Margaret R. Karagas, Barry Lester, Jessica A. Lasky-Su, Leslie D. Leve, Kaja Z. LeWinn, W. Alex Mason, Elisabeth C. McGowan, Kimberly S. McKee, Rachel L. Miller, Jenae M. Neiderhiser, Thomas G. O’Connor, Emily Oken, T. Michael O’Shea, David Pagliaccio, Rebecca J. Schmidt, Anne Marie Singh, Joseph B. Stanford, Leonardo Trasande, Rosalind J. Wright, Cristiane S. Duarte, Amy E. Margolis

Applied Psychology

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

To assess the public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, investigators from the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) research program developed the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) acute stress disorder symptom criteria, the PTSS is designed for adolescent (13–21 years) and adult self-report and caregiver-report on 3–12-year-olds. To evaluate psychometric properties, we used PTSS data collected between April 2020 and August 2021 from non-pregnant adult caregivers (n = 11,483), pregnant/postpartum individuals (n = 1,656), adolescents (n = 1,795), and caregivers reporting on 3–12-year-olds (n = 2,896). We used Mokken scale analysis to examine unidimensionality and reliability, Pearson correlations to evaluate relationships with other relevant variables, and analyses of variance to identify regional, age, and sex differences. Mokken analysis resulted in a moderately strong, unidimensional scale that retained nine of the original 10 items. We detected small to moderate positive associations with depression, anxiety, and general stress, and negative associations with life satisfaction. Adult caregivers had the highest PTSS scores, followed by adolescents, pregnant/postpartum individuals, and children. Caregivers of younger children, females, and older youth had higher PTSS scores compared to caregivers of older children, males, and younger youth, respectively.

Original language	English (US)
Pages (from-to)	1054-1067
Number of pages	14
Journal	Psychological assessment
Volume	35
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001211
State	Published - 2023

Keywords

COVID-19
Mokken scaling
pandemic
survey
traumatic stress

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Clinical Psychology
Psychiatry and Mental health

Access to Document

10.1037/pas0001211

Cite this

Blackwell, C. K., Sherlock, P., Jackson, K. L., Hofheimer, J. A., Cella, D., Algermissen, M. A., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Avalos, L. A., Bastain, T., Blair, C., Enlow, M. B., Brennan, P. A., Breton, C., Bush, N. R., Chandran, A., Collazo, S., Conradt, E., Crowell, S. E., Deoni, S., ... Margolis, A. E. (2023). Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults. Psychological assessment, 35(11), 1054-1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001211

Blackwell, CK, Sherlock, P, Jackson, KL, Hofheimer, JA, Cella, D, Algermissen, MA, Alshawabkeh, AN, Avalos, LA, Bastain, T, Blair, C, Enlow, MB, Brennan, PA, Breton, C, Bush, NR, Chandran, A, Collazo, S, Conradt, E, Crowell, SE, Deoni, S, Elliott, AJ, Frazier, JA, Ganiban, JM, Gold, DR, Herbstman, JB, Joseph, C, Karagas, MR, Lester, B, Lasky-Su, JA, Leve, LD, LeWinn, KZ, Mason, WA, McGowan, EC, McKee, KS, Miller, RL, Neiderhiser, JM, O’Connor, TG, Oken, E, O’Shea, TM, Pagliaccio, D, Schmidt, RJ, Singh, AM, Stanford, JB, Trasande, L, Wright, RJ, Duarte, CS & Margolis, AE 2023, 'Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults', Psychological assessment, vol. 35, no. 11, pp. 1054-1067. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0001211

@article{63c785577da94d34beb14aec94a2e7f5,

title = "Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults",

abstract = "To assess the public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, investigators from the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) research program developed the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) acute stress disorder symptom criteria, the PTSS is designed for adolescent (13–21 years) and adult self-report and caregiver-report on 3–12-year-olds. To evaluate psychometric properties, we used PTSS data collected between April 2020 and August 2021 from non-pregnant adult caregivers (n = 11,483), pregnant/postpartum individuals (n = 1,656), adolescents (n = 1,795), and caregivers reporting on 3–12-year-olds (n = 2,896). We used Mokken scale analysis to examine unidimensionality and reliability, Pearson correlations to evaluate relationships with other relevant variables, and analyses of variance to identify regional, age, and sex differences. Mokken analysis resulted in a moderately strong, unidimensional scale that retained nine of the original 10 items. We detected small to moderate positive associations with depression, anxiety, and general stress, and negative associations with life satisfaction. Adult caregivers had the highest PTSS scores, followed by adolescents, pregnant/postpartum individuals, and children. Caregivers of younger children, females, and older youth had higher PTSS scores compared to caregivers of older children, males, and younger youth, respectively.",

keywords = "COVID-19, Mokken scaling, pandemic, survey, traumatic stress",

author = "Blackwell, {Courtney K.} and Phillip Sherlock and Jackson, {Kathryn L.} and Hofheimer, {Julie A.} and David Cella and Algermissen, {Molly A.} and Alshawabkeh, {Akram N.} and Avalos, {Lyndsay A.} and Tracy Bastain and Clancy Blair and Enlow, {Michelle Bosquet} and Brennan, {Patricia A.} and Carrie Breton and Bush, {Nicole R.} and Aruna Chandran and Shaina Collazo and Elisabeth Conradt and Crowell, {Sheila E.} and Sean Deoni and Elliott, {Amy J.} and Frazier, {Jean A.} and Ganiban, {Jody M.} and Gold, {Diane R.} and Herbstman, {Julie B.} and Christine Joseph and Karagas, {Margaret R.} and Barry Lester and Lasky-Su, {Jessica A.} and Leve, {Leslie D.} and LeWinn, {Kaja Z.} and Mason, {W. Alex} and McGowan, {Elisabeth C.} and McKee, {Kimberly S.} and Miller, {Rachel L.} and Neiderhiser, {Jenae M.} and O{\textquoteright}Connor, {Thomas G.} and Emily Oken and O{\textquoteright}Shea, {T. Michael} and David Pagliaccio and Schmidt, {Rebecca J.} and Singh, {Anne Marie} and Stanford, {Joseph B.} and Leonardo Trasande and Wright, {Rosalind J.} and Duarte, {Cristiane S.} and Margolis, {Amy E.}",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2023 American Psychological Association",

year = "2023",

doi = "10.1037/pas0001211",

language = "English (US)",

volume = "35",

pages = "1054--1067",

journal = "Psychological assessment",

issn = "1040-3590",

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T1 - Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults

AU - Blackwell, Courtney K.

AU - Sherlock, Phillip

AU - Jackson, Kathryn L.

AU - Hofheimer, Julie A.

AU - Cella, David

AU - Algermissen, Molly A.

AU - Alshawabkeh, Akram N.

AU - Avalos, Lyndsay A.

AU - Bastain, Tracy

AU - Blair, Clancy

AU - Enlow, Michelle Bosquet

AU - Brennan, Patricia A.

AU - Breton, Carrie

AU - Bush, Nicole R.

AU - Chandran, Aruna

AU - Collazo, Shaina

AU - Conradt, Elisabeth

AU - Crowell, Sheila E.

AU - Deoni, Sean

AU - Elliott, Amy J.

AU - Frazier, Jean A.

AU - Ganiban, Jody M.

AU - Gold, Diane R.

AU - Herbstman, Julie B.

AU - Joseph, Christine

AU - Karagas, Margaret R.

AU - Lester, Barry

AU - Lasky-Su, Jessica A.

AU - Leve, Leslie D.

AU - LeWinn, Kaja Z.

AU - Mason, W. Alex

AU - McGowan, Elisabeth C.

AU - McKee, Kimberly S.

AU - Miller, Rachel L.

AU - Neiderhiser, Jenae M.

AU - O’Connor, Thomas G.

AU - Oken, Emily

AU - O’Shea, T. Michael

AU - Pagliaccio, David

AU - Schmidt, Rebecca J.

AU - Singh, Anne Marie

AU - Stanford, Joseph B.

AU - Trasande, Leonardo

AU - Wright, Rosalind J.

AU - Duarte, Cristiane S.

AU - Margolis, Amy E.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - To assess the public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, investigators from the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) research program developed the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) acute stress disorder symptom criteria, the PTSS is designed for adolescent (13–21 years) and adult self-report and caregiver-report on 3–12-year-olds. To evaluate psychometric properties, we used PTSS data collected between April 2020 and August 2021 from non-pregnant adult caregivers (n = 11,483), pregnant/postpartum individuals (n = 1,656), adolescents (n = 1,795), and caregivers reporting on 3–12-year-olds (n = 2,896). We used Mokken scale analysis to examine unidimensionality and reliability, Pearson correlations to evaluate relationships with other relevant variables, and analyses of variance to identify regional, age, and sex differences. Mokken analysis resulted in a moderately strong, unidimensional scale that retained nine of the original 10 items. We detected small to moderate positive associations with depression, anxiety, and general stress, and negative associations with life satisfaction. Adult caregivers had the highest PTSS scores, followed by adolescents, pregnant/postpartum individuals, and children. Caregivers of younger children, females, and older youth had higher PTSS scores compared to caregivers of older children, males, and younger youth, respectively.

AB - To assess the public health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, investigators from the National Institutes of Health Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) research program developed the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale (PTSS). Based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) acute stress disorder symptom criteria, the PTSS is designed for adolescent (13–21 years) and adult self-report and caregiver-report on 3–12-year-olds. To evaluate psychometric properties, we used PTSS data collected between April 2020 and August 2021 from non-pregnant adult caregivers (n = 11,483), pregnant/postpartum individuals (n = 1,656), adolescents (n = 1,795), and caregivers reporting on 3–12-year-olds (n = 2,896). We used Mokken scale analysis to examine unidimensionality and reliability, Pearson correlations to evaluate relationships with other relevant variables, and analyses of variance to identify regional, age, and sex differences. Mokken analysis resulted in a moderately strong, unidimensional scale that retained nine of the original 10 items. We detected small to moderate positive associations with depression, anxiety, and general stress, and negative associations with life satisfaction. Adult caregivers had the highest PTSS scores, followed by adolescents, pregnant/postpartum individuals, and children. Caregivers of younger children, females, and older youth had higher PTSS scores compared to caregivers of older children, males, and younger youth, respectively.

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KW - Mokken scaling

KW - pandemic

KW - survey

KW - traumatic stress

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ER -

Development and Psychometric Validation of the Pandemic-Related Traumatic Stress Scale for Children and Adults

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Keywords

ASJC Scopus subject areas

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