TY - JOUR
T1 - Disparities in chronic kidney disease-the state of the evidence
AU - Clark-Cutaia, Maya N.
AU - Rivera, Eleanor
AU - Iroegbu, Christin
AU - Squires, Allison
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. All rights reserved.
PY - 2021/3
Y1 - 2021/3
N2 - Purpose of review The purpose of this review was to assess the prevalence of United States chronic kidney disease (CKD) health disparities, focusing on racial/ethnic groups, immigrants and refugees, sex or gender, and older adults. Recent findings There are major racial/ethnic disparities in CKD, with possible contributions from the social determinants of health, socioeconomics, and racial discrimination. Racial/ethnic minority patients experience faster progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and higher mortality predialysis, however, once on dialysis, appear to live longer. Similarly, men are quicker to progress to ESKD than women, with potential biological, behavioral, and measurement error factors. There is a lack of substantial evidence for intersex, nonbinary, or transgender patients. There are also strikingly few studies about US immigrants or older adults with CKD despite the fact that they are at high risk for CKD due to a variety of factors. Summary As providers and scientists, we must combat both conscious and unconscious biases, advocate for minority patient populations, and be inclusive and diverse in our treatment regimens and provision of care. We need to acknowledge that sufficient evidence exists to change treatment guidelines, and that more is required to support the diversity of our patient population.
AB - Purpose of review The purpose of this review was to assess the prevalence of United States chronic kidney disease (CKD) health disparities, focusing on racial/ethnic groups, immigrants and refugees, sex or gender, and older adults. Recent findings There are major racial/ethnic disparities in CKD, with possible contributions from the social determinants of health, socioeconomics, and racial discrimination. Racial/ethnic minority patients experience faster progression to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) and higher mortality predialysis, however, once on dialysis, appear to live longer. Similarly, men are quicker to progress to ESKD than women, with potential biological, behavioral, and measurement error factors. There is a lack of substantial evidence for intersex, nonbinary, or transgender patients. There are also strikingly few studies about US immigrants or older adults with CKD despite the fact that they are at high risk for CKD due to a variety of factors. Summary As providers and scientists, we must combat both conscious and unconscious biases, advocate for minority patient populations, and be inclusive and diverse in our treatment regimens and provision of care. We need to acknowledge that sufficient evidence exists to change treatment guidelines, and that more is required to support the diversity of our patient population.
KW - COVID-19
KW - Chronic kidney disease
KW - End-stage kidney disease
KW - Health disparities
KW - Racial and ethnic minority
KW - SARS-CoV-2
KW - Sex/gender
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85101728709&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85101728709&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000688
DO - 10.1097/MNH.0000000000000688
M3 - Review article
C2 - 33464006
AN - SCOPUS:85101728709
SN - 1062-4821
VL - 30
SP - 208
EP - 214
JO - Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension
JF - Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension
IS - 2
ER -