TY - JOUR
T1 - Effect of morphine and ibuprofen on nociceptive behavior, preening and motor activity following tonic chemical pain in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
AU - Khalilzadeh, Emad
AU - Mousavi, Seyyedata
AU - Dolatyarieslami, Mahdi
AU - Bahadori, Reza
AU - Khanna, Rajesh
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2022 Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists and American College of Veterinary Anesthesia and Analgesia
PY - 2022/9
Y1 - 2022/9
N2 - Objective: To establish a tonic chemical model of pain in quail and evaluate the efficacy of opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Study design: A randomized, blinded, experimental study design. Animals: A total of 120 male Japanese quail, aged 7 weeks. Methods: A formalin solution (0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%; total volume of 40 μL) was injected subcutaneously (SC) into the medial aspect of the right metatarsus (shank). Foot lift and preening activities were recorded for 45 minutes following injection of formalin and scored by an investigator blinded to the treatment. An open field test was used to evaluate motor activity. Treatments included SC saline, SC morphine (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and oral ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1). The treatment effect was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the time course effect analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, both followed by Dunnett's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: All formalin concentrations induced significant foot lifting activity in the first phase (0–5 minutes), whereas only 0.6% and 0.9% formalin elicited responses in both the first and second (25–45 minutes) phases. Neither morphine nor ibuprofen affected phase 1 of the formalin test. Morphine (2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1) significantly reduced foot lift responses. Preening activity was significantly decreased following injection of 0.6% and 0.9% formalin. Preening was normalized with ibuprofen, but not with morphine. Morphine, but not ibuprofen, reduced quail activity. Conclusion and clinical relevance: These results suggest that the formalin test was a reliable method for assessing tonic pain behavior in quail. The acute phase of the formalin test was not affected by morphine or ibuprofen. Although ibuprofen reduced the pain response in phase 2, the analgesic effects of morphine were not conclusive because morphine appeared to induce sedation.
AB - Objective: To establish a tonic chemical model of pain in quail and evaluate the efficacy of opioid and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Study design: A randomized, blinded, experimental study design. Animals: A total of 120 male Japanese quail, aged 7 weeks. Methods: A formalin solution (0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9%; total volume of 40 μL) was injected subcutaneously (SC) into the medial aspect of the right metatarsus (shank). Foot lift and preening activities were recorded for 45 minutes following injection of formalin and scored by an investigator blinded to the treatment. An open field test was used to evaluate motor activity. Treatments included SC saline, SC morphine (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and oral ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1). The treatment effect was analyzed by one-way ANOVA and the time course effect analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA, both followed by Dunnett's post hoc test (p < 0.05). Results: All formalin concentrations induced significant foot lifting activity in the first phase (0–5 minutes), whereas only 0.6% and 0.9% formalin elicited responses in both the first and second (25–45 minutes) phases. Neither morphine nor ibuprofen affected phase 1 of the formalin test. Morphine (2.5 and 5 mg kg–1) and ibuprofen (5 and 10 mg kg–1) significantly reduced foot lift responses. Preening activity was significantly decreased following injection of 0.6% and 0.9% formalin. Preening was normalized with ibuprofen, but not with morphine. Morphine, but not ibuprofen, reduced quail activity. Conclusion and clinical relevance: These results suggest that the formalin test was a reliable method for assessing tonic pain behavior in quail. The acute phase of the formalin test was not affected by morphine or ibuprofen. Although ibuprofen reduced the pain response in phase 2, the analgesic effects of morphine were not conclusive because morphine appeared to induce sedation.
KW - formalin pain
KW - ibuprofen
KW - morphine
KW - poultry
KW - preening
KW - quail
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U2 - 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.001
DO - 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.07.001
M3 - Article
C2 - 35961922
AN - SCOPUS:85138176841
SN - 1467-2987
VL - 49
SP - 499
EP - 509
JO - Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
JF - Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
IS - 5
ER -