Emotion, learning, and the brain: From classical conditioning to cultural bias

Elizabeth A. Phelps

Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceedingChapter

Abstract

Classical conditioning, described by Pavlov, has emerged as an important tool in our efforts to understand the mechanisms of emotional learning. Using a classical fear conditioning paradigm, research with nonhuman animals has identified the amygdala as a critical structure for emotional learning. This chapter reviews how studies in humans have extended the role of the amygdala to social means of emotional learning and culturally acquired race bias. Although cultural knowledge and some forms of social communication may be uniquely human characteristics, how emotional value is expressed in these domains seems to rely on basic mechanisms that are shared across species. Overview: The basic principles of classical conditioning were identified by Ivan Pavlov more than a century ago when he showed that dogs would salivate to the ringing of a bell that had previously been paired with the delivery of food. More recently, investigators have used classical conditioning paradigms to help understand the neural mechanisms of emotional learning. These studies have focused on classical fear conditioning. In a typical fear conditioning paradigm, a neutral stimulus, called the conditioned stimulus (CS), is paired with an aversive event, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS). After a few pairings, the animal learns that CS predicts the UCS, and this previously neutral stimulus begins to elicit a fear response, called the conditioned response (CR). Using this paradigm, scientists studying nonhuman animals have been able to map the neural pathways of emotional learning from stimulus input to response output (see LeDoux, 2002, for a review).

Original languageEnglish (US)
Title of host publicationLifespan Development and the Brain
Subtitle of host publicationThe Perspective of Biocultural Co-Constructivism
PublisherCambridge University Press
Pages200-216
Number of pages17
ISBN (Electronic)9780511499722
ISBN (Print)0521844940, 9780521844949
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2006

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • General Psychology

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