@article{2ca7a01a063d4ad6aad251c11ff04af0,
title = "ENSO Bimodality and Extremes",
abstract = "Tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and winds vary on a wide range of timescales and have a substantial impact on weather and climate across the globe. Here we study the variability of SST and zonal wind during El Ni{\~n}o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) between 1982 and 2014. We focus on changes in extreme statistics using higher-order moments of SST and zonal winds. We find that ENSO characteristics exhibit bimodal distributions and fat tails with extreme warm and cold temperatures in 1982–1999, but not during 2000–2014. The changes in the distributions coincide with changes in the intensity of ENSO events and the phase of the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation. We also find that the strongest Easterly Wind Bursts occur during extreme El Ni{\~n}os and not during La Ni{\~n}as. Maps of SST kurtosis can serve as a diagnostic for the thermocline feedback mechanism responsible for the differences in ENSO diversity between the two periods.",
keywords = "ENSO diversity, Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation",
author = "Rodrigues, {Regina R.} and Aneesh Subramanian and Laure Zanna and Judith Berner",
note = "Funding Information: This work has been supported by CNPq (Grant 401873/2016‐1) and Rede CLIMA (Grant 01.13.0353‐00). A. C. S. was supported by the NOAA Climate Variability and Prediction Program Grant NA14OAR4310276. The ERA‐ Interim reanalysis data set was provided by ECMWF (https://apps. ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim‐full‐ daily/levtype=sfc/). NOAA/OAR/ ESRL PSD provided the NCEP‐DOE reanalysis 2 (https://www.esrl.noaa. gov/psd/data/gridded/data. ncep.20reanalysis2.html) and OISST data sets (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.2020oisst. v2.highres.html). Funding Information: This work has been supported by CNPq (Grant 401873/2016-1) and Rede CLIMA (Grant 01.13.0353-00). A. C. S. was supported by the NOAA Climate Variability and Prediction Program Grant NA14OAR4310276. The ERA-Interim reanalysis data set was provided by ECMWF (https://apps.ecmwf.int/datasets/data/interim-full-daily/levtype=sfc/). NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD provided the NCEP-DOE reanalysis 2 (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.ncep.20reanalysis2.html) and OISST data sets (https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/data.noaa.2020oisst.v2.highres.html). Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2019. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2019",
month = may,
day = "16",
doi = "10.1029/2019GL082270",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "46",
pages = "4883--4893",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "9",
}