@article{b8a9667a1f934325b670704bb5529e6e,
title = "Environmental harshness and unpredictability, life history, and social and academic behavior of adolescents in nine countries",
abstract = "Safety is essential for life. To survive, humans and other animals have developed sets of psychological and physiological adaptations known as life history (LH) tradeoff strategies in response to various safety constraints. Evolutionarily selected LH strategies in turn regulate development and behavior to optimize survival under prevailing safety conditions. The present study tested LH hypotheses concerning safety based on a 6-year longitudinal sample of 1,245 adolescents and their parents from 9 countries. The results revealed that, invariant across countries, environmental harshness, and unpredictability (lack of safety) was negatively associated with slow LH behavioral profile, measured 2 years later, and slow LH behavioral profile was negatively and positively associated with externalizing behavior and academic performance, respectively, as measured an additional 2 years later. These results support the evolutionary conception that human development responds to environmental safety cues through LH regulation of social and learning behaviors.",
keywords = "Academic performance, Environmental harshness, Externalizing, Fast and slow life history strategy, Unpredictability",
author = "Lei Chang and Lu, {Hui Jing} and Lansford, {Jennifer E.} and Skinner, {Ann T.} and Bornstein, {Marc H.} and Laurence Steinberg and Dodge, {Kenneth A.} and Chen, {Bin Bin} and Qian Tian and Dario Bacchini and Kirby Deater-Deckard and Concetta Pastorelli and Alampay, {Liane Pe{\~n}a} and Emma Sorbring and Al-Hassan, {Suha M.} and Paul Oburu and Malone, {Patrick S.} and {Di Giunta}, Laura and {Uribe Tirado}, {Liliana Maria} and Sombat Tapanya",
note = "Funding Information: This research also was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NICHD and by a General Research Fund (Project 15608415) from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong SAR. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH, NICHD, or RGC. Funding Information: This research has been funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development grant RO1-HD054805 and Fogarty International Center grant RO3-TW008141. This research also was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH/NICHD and by a General Research Fund (Project 15608415) from the Research Grants Council (RGC) of Hong Kong SAR. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH, NICHD, or RGC. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2018 American Psychological Association.",
year = "2019",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1037/dev0000655",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "55",
pages = "890--903",
journal = "Developmental Psychology",
issn = "0012-1649",
publisher = "American Psychological Association Inc.",
number = "4",
}