@article{77f525bda2d048e084a257dc5bf777ff,
title = "Exploring the Consequences of Major Lifetime Discrimination, Neighborhood Conditions, Chronic Work, and Everyday Discrimination on Health and Retirement",
abstract = "This study examines the associations of multiple forms of perceived discrimination and negative neighborhood conditions with mental health and retirement age. Respondents aged above 51 years from the Health and Retirement Study were selected in 2006 and surveyed through 2014. Ordinary least squares regression evaluated associations. Bias-corrected bootstrap resampling method tested whether mental health mediated the relationships between disadvantages and retirement age. Major lifetime and work discrimination, as well as neighborhood conditions, were directly associated with earlier retirement. Individuals who did not experience disadvantages retired at age 65, whereas respondents with the highest levels of disadvantage retired earlier (at age 62). Mental health partially mediated relationships between major lifetime discrimination, neighborhood conditions, and work discrimination with retirement age, whereas mental health fully mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and retirement age. Efforts to promote civil rights, reduce discrimination, and enhance individual resilience may promote mental health and capacity to work longer.",
keywords = "cumulative dis/advantage, discrimination, ecological theory, retirement",
author = "Ernest Gonzales and Lee, {Yeonjung Jane} and Marchiondo, {Lisa A.}",
note = "Funding Information: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-1326 Gonzales Ernest 1 Lee Yeonjung Jane 2 Marchiondo Lisa A. 3 1 New York University, New York City, USA 2 University of Hawai{\textquoteright}i at Manoa, Honolulu, USA 3 The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA Ernest Gonzales, Silver School of Social Work, New York University, 1 Washington Square North, New York, NY 10003, USA. Email: geg2000@nyu.edu 12 2019 0733464819892847 16 3 2019 5 11 2019 9 11 2019 {\textcopyright} The Author(s) 2019 2019 Southern Gerontological Society This study examines the associations of multiple forms of perceived discrimination and negative neighborhood conditions with mental health and retirement age. Respondents aged above 51 years from the Health and Retirement Study were selected in 2006 and surveyed through 2014. Ordinary least squares regression evaluated associations. Bias-corrected bootstrap resampling method tested whether mental health mediated the relationships between disadvantages and retirement age. Major lifetime and work discrimination, as well as neighborhood conditions, were directly associated with earlier retirement. Individuals who did not experience disadvantages retired at age 65, whereas respondents with the highest levels of disadvantage retired earlier (at age 62). Mental health partially mediated relationships between major lifetime discrimination, neighborhood conditions, and work discrimination with retirement age, whereas mental health fully mediated the relationship between everyday discrimination and retirement age. Efforts to promote civil rights, reduce discrimination, and enhance individual resilience may promote mental health and capacity to work longer. cumulative dis/advantage ecological theory discrimination retirement national institute on minority health and health disparities https://doi.org/10.13039/100006545 new york university https://doi.org/10.13039/100006732 u.s. social security administration https://doi.org/10.13039/100005225 boston university https://doi.org/10.13039/100007161 edited-state corrected-proof typesetter ts1 The authors thank Dr. William V. Padula at John Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and Lindsey Jung, master{\textquoteright}s student at Boston University{\textquoteright}s School of Public Health, for suggestions to earlier versions of this article. Declaration of Conflicting Interests The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Ethical Approval The study received exempt status from Boston University{\textquoteright}s IRB (No. 4532X). Funding The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by a Grant from the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) funded as part of the Retirement Research Consortium at Boston College{\textquoteright}s Steven H. Sandell Grant Program, Retirement Research Center (Gonzales, PI); the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities{\textquoteright} Loan Repayment Program (Gonzales, PI), and Boston University{\textquoteright}s Peter T. Paul Career Award (Gonzales, PI). HIPAA There are no HIPAA Identifiers. ORCID iD Ernest Gonzales https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6182-1326 ",
year = "2021",
month = feb,
doi = "10.1177/0733464819892847",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "40",
pages = "121--131",
journal = "Journal of Applied Gerontology",
issn = "0733-4648",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",
number = "2",
}