Frequency of and factors associated with emergency department intracranial pressure monitor placement in severe paediatric traumatic brain injury

Objective: To examine the frequency of and factors associated with emergency department (ED) intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placement in severe paediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: Retrospective, multicentre cohort study of children <18 years admitted to the ED with severe TBI and intubated for >48 hours from 2007 to 2011. Results: Two hundred and twenty-four children had severe TBI and 75% underwent either ED, operating room (OR) or paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) ICP monitor placement. Four out of five centres placed ICP monitors in the ED, mostly (83%) fibreoptic. Nearly 40% of the patients who received ICP monitors get it placed in the ED (29% overall). Factors associated with ED ICP monitor placement were as follows: age 13 to <18 year olds compared to infants (aRR 2.02; 95% CI 1.37, 2.98), longer ED length of stay (LOS) (aRR 1.15; 95% CI 1.08, 1.21), trauma centre designation paediatric only I/II compared to adult/paediatric I/II (aRR 1.71; 95% CI 1.48, 1.98) and higher mean paediatric TBI patient volume (aRR 1.88;95% CI 1.68, 2.11). Adjusted for centre, higher bedside ED staff was associated with longer ED LOS (aRR 2.10; 95% CI 1.06, 4.14). Conclusion: ICP monitors are frequently placed in the ED at paediatric trauma centres caring for children with severe TBI. Both patient and organizational level factors are associated with ED ICP monitor placement.