From Spatial to Social Asymmetry: Spontaneous and Conditioned Associations of Gender and Space

Caterina Suitner, Anne Maass, Lucia Ronconi

Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

Abstract

According to the spatial agency bias model, in Western cultures agentic targets are envisaged as facing and acting rightward, in line with writing direction. In four studies of Italian participants, we examined the symbolic association between agency and the rightward direction (Study 1, N = 96), its spontaneous activation when attributing agency to female and male targets (Study 2, N = 80) or when judging the authenticity of photographs of men and women (Study 3, N = 57), and its possible relation to stereotype endorsement (Study 4, N = 80). In Study 4, we used a conditioning paradigm in which participants learned a counterstereotypical new association; we developed a novel measure to assess the association between gender and spatial direction, namely, the spatial association task. Participants envisaged and cognitively processed male and female targets in line with the spatial agency bias model and reported lower benevolent sexism after learning a new counterstereotypical spatial association. Our findings raise awareness about the biased use of space (and its consequences) in the representation of women and men, so that all people, and especially communicators and policy makers, can actively intervene to promote gender equality. Additional online materials for this article are available to PWQ subscribers on PWQ’s website at http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/suppl/10.1177/0361684316676045

Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)46-64
Number of pages19
JournalPsychology of Women Quarterly
Volume41
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 1 2017

Keywords

  • attitude change
  • conditioning
  • gender stereotypes
  • mental schema
  • sexism
  • spatial agency bias
  • spatial representation

ASJC Scopus subject areas

  • Gender Studies
  • Developmental and Educational Psychology
  • Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous)
  • General Psychology

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