@article{0f318aa74999408197efbb279e050eae,
title = "Functional clusters of neurons in layer 6 of macaque V1",
abstract = "Layer 6 appears to perform a very important role in the function of macaque primary visual cortex, V1, but not enough is understood about the functional characteristics of neurons in the layer 6 population. It is unclear to what extent the population is homogeneous with respect to their visual properties or if one can identify distinct subpopulations. Here we performed a cluster analysis based on measurements of the responses of single neurons in layer 6 of primary visual cortex in male macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) to achromatic grating stimuli that varied in orientation, direction of motion, spatial and temporal frequency, and contrast. The visual stimuli were presented in a stimulus window that was also varied in size. Using the responses to parametric variation in these stimulus variables, we extracted a number of tuning response measures and used them in the cluster analysis. Six main clusters emerged along with some smaller clusters. Additionally, we asked whether parameter distributions from each of the clusters were statistically different. There were clear separations of parameters between some of the clusters, particularly for f1/f0 ratio, direction selectivity, and temporal frequency bandwidth, but other dimensions also showed differences between clusters. Our data suggest that in layer 6 there are multiple parallel circuits that provide information about different aspects of the visual stimulus.",
keywords = "Layer 6, Primate, Visual cortex, Space Perception/physiology, Neurons/physiology, Visual Cortex/cytology, Time Perception/physiology, Macaca fascicularis, Male, Orientation, Animals, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Brain Mapping, Electrocardiography, Photic Stimulation, Motion Perception/physiology, Cluster Analysis, Contrast Sensitivity",
author = "Hawken, {Michael J.} and Shapley, {Robert M.} and Disney, {Anita A.} and Virginia Garcia-Marin and Andrew Henrie and Henry, {Christopher A.} and Johnson, {Elizabeth N.} and Siddhartha Joshi and Kelly, {Jenna G.} and Ringach, {Dario L.} and Dajun Xing",
note = "Funding Information: Received June 14, 2019; revised Jan. 26, 2020; accepted Jan. 27, 2020. Author contributions: M.J.H., R.M.S., A.A.D., A.H., C.A.H., E.N.J., S.J., D.L.R., and D.X. designed research; M.J.H., R.M.S., A.A.D., A.H., C.A.H., E.N.J., S.J., D.L.R., and D.X. performed research; M.J.H., R.M.S., A.A.D., A.H., C.A.H., V.G.-M., E.N.J., S.J., J.G.K., D.L.R., and D.X. analyzed data; M.J.H., R.M.S., A.A.D., A.H., C.A.H., V.G.-M., E.N.J., S.J., J.G.K., D.L.R., and D.X. wrote the paper. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants EY1472, EY8300, and EY15549 to R.M.S. and M.J.H., Core Grant P30 EY13079, and Training Grant T32 EY7136. D.X. was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, 111 Project Grant BP0719032, and National Natural Science Foundation of China Grant 31371110. The authors declare no competing financial interests. Correspondence should be addressed to Michael J. Hawken at michael.hawken@nyu.edu. A.A. Disney{\textquoteright}s present address: Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27110. V. Garcia-Marin{\textquoteright}s present address: Department of Biology, York College, City University of New York, Jamaica, New York 11451. C.A.Henry{\textquoteright}spresentaddress:DepartmentofNeuroscience,AlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,Bronx,NewYork 10461. E.N. Johnson{\textquoteright}s present address: Wharton Neuroscience Initiative, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. S. Joshi{\textquoteright}s present address: Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 the authors",
year = "2020",
month = mar,
day = "18",
doi = "10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1394-19.2020",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "40",
pages = "2445--2457",
journal = "Journal of Neuroscience",
issn = "0270-6474",
publisher = "Society for Neuroscience",
number = "12",
}