Abstract
A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
| Original language | English (US) |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 1467-1471 |
| Number of pages | 5 |
| Journal | Science |
| Volume | 340 |
| Issue number | 6139 |
| DOIs | |
| State | Published - 2013 |
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- General
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GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment. / Rietveld, Cornelius A.; Medland, Sarah E.; Derringer, Jaime; Yang, Jian; Esko, Tõnu; Martin, Nicolas W.; Westra, Harm Jan; Shakhbazov, Konstantin; Abdellaoui, Abdel; Agrawal, Arpana; Albrecht, Eva; Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.; Amin, Najaf; Barnard, John; Baumeister, Sebastian E.; Benke, Kelly S.; Bielak, Lawrence F.; Boatman, Jeffrey A.; Boyle, Patricia A.; Davies, Gail; De Leeuw, Christiaan; Eklund, Niina; Evans, Daniel S.; Ferhmann, Rudolf; Fischer, Krista; Gieger, Christian; Gjessing, Håkon K.; Hägg, Sara; Harris, Jennifer R.; Hayward, Caroline; Holzapfel, Christina; Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A.; Ingelsson, Erik; Jacobsson, Bo; Joshi, Peter K.; Jugessur, Astanand; Kaakinen, Marika; Kanoni, Stavroula; Karjalainen, Juha; Kolcic, Ivana; Kristiansson, Kati; Kutalik, Zoltán; Lahti, Jari; Lee, Sang H.; Lin, Peng; Lind, Penelope A.; Liu, Yongmei; Lohman, Kurt; Loitfelder, Marisa; McMahon, George; Vidal, Pedro Marques; Meirelles, Osorio; Milani, Lili; Myhre, Ronny; Nuotio, Marja Liisa; Oldmeadow, Christopher J.; Petrovic, Katja E.; Peyrot, Wouter J.; Polašek, Ozren; Quaye, Lydia; Reinmaa, Eva; Rice, John P.; Rizzi, Thais S.; Schmidt, Helena; Schmidt, Reinhold; Smith, Albert V.; Smith, Jennifer A.; Tanaka, Toshiko; Terracciano, Antonio; Van Der Loos, Matthijs J.H.M.; Vitart, Veronique; Völzke, Henry; Wellmann, Jürgen; Yu, Lei; Zhao, Wei; Allik, Jüri; Attia, John R.; Bandinelli, Stefania; Bastardot, François; Beauchamp, Jonathan; Bennett, David A.; Berger, Klaus; Bierut, Laura J.; Boomsma, Dorret I.; Bültmann, Ute; Campbell, Harry; Chabris, Christopher F.; Cherkas, Lynn; Chung, Mina K.; Cucca, Francesco; De Andrade, Mariza; De Jager, Philip L.; De Neve, Jan Emmanuel; Deary, Ian J.; Dedoussis, George V.; Deloukas, Panos; Dimitriou, Maria; Eiríksdóttir, Guoný; Elderson, Martin F.; Eriksson, Johan G.; Evans, David M.; Faul, Jessica D.; Ferrucci, Luigi; Garcia, Melissa E.; Grönberg, Henrik; Guonason, Vilmundur; Hall, Per; Harris, Juliette M.; Harris, Tamara B.; Hastie, Nicholas D.; Heath, Andrew C.; Hernandez, Dena G.; Hoffmann, Wolfgang; Hofman, Adriaan; Holle, Rolf; Holliday, Elizabeth G.; Hottenga, Jouke Jan; Iacono, William G.; Illig, Thomas; Järvelin, Marjo Riitta; Kähönen, Mika; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kirkpatrick, Robert M.; Kowgier, Matthew; Latvala, Antti; Launer, Lenore J.; Lawlor, Debbie A.; Lehtimäki, Terho; Li, Jingmei; Lichtenstein, Paul; Lichtner, Peter; Liewald, David C.; Madden, Pamela A.; Magnusson, Patrik K.E.; Mäkinen, Tomi E.; Masala, Marco; McGue, Matt; Metspalu, Andres; Mielck, Andreas; Miller, Michael B.; Montgomery, Grant W.; Mukherjee, Sutapa; Nyholt, Dale R.; Oostra, Ben A.; Palmer, Lyle J.; Palotie, Aarno; Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.; Perola, Markus; Peyser, Patricia A.; Preisig, Martin; Räikkönen, Katri; Raitakari, Olli T.; Realo, Anu; Ring, Susan M.; Ripatti, Samuli; Rivadeneira, Fernando; Rudan, Igor; Rustichini, Aldo; Salomaa, Veikko; Sarin, Antti Pekka; Schlessinger, David; Scott, Rodney J.; Snieder, Harold; St Pourcain, Beate; Starr, John M.; Sul, Jae Hoon; Surakka, Ida; Svento, Rauli; Teumer, Alexander; Tiemeier, Henning; Van Rooij, Frank J.A.; Van Wagoner, David R.; Vartiainen, Erkki; Viikari, Jorma; Vollenweider, Peter; Vonk, Judith M.; Waeber, Gérard; Weir, David R.; Wichmann, H. Erich; Widen, Elisabeth; Willemsen, Gonneke; Wilson, James F.; Wright, Alan F.; Conley, Dalton; Davey-Smith, George; Franke, Lude; Groenen, Patrick J.F.; Hofman, Albert; Johannesson, Magnus; Kardia, Sharon L.R.; Krueger, Robert F.; Laibson, David; Martin, Nicholas G.; Meyer, Michelle N.; Posthuma, Danielle; Thurik, A. Roy; Timpson, Nicholas J.; Uitterlinden, André G.; Van Duijn, Cornelia M.; Visscher, Peter M.; Benjamin, Daniel J.; Cesarini, David; Koellinger, Philipp D.
In: Science, Vol. 340, No. 6139, 2013, p. 1467-1471.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - GWAS of 126,559 individuals identifies genetic variants associated with educational attainment
AU - Rietveld, Cornelius A.
AU - Medland, Sarah E.
AU - Derringer, Jaime
AU - Yang, Jian
AU - Esko, Tõnu
AU - Martin, Nicolas W.
AU - Westra, Harm Jan
AU - Shakhbazov, Konstantin
AU - Abdellaoui, Abdel
AU - Agrawal, Arpana
AU - Albrecht, Eva
AU - Alizadeh, Behrooz Z.
AU - Amin, Najaf
AU - Barnard, John
AU - Baumeister, Sebastian E.
AU - Benke, Kelly S.
AU - Bielak, Lawrence F.
AU - Boatman, Jeffrey A.
AU - Boyle, Patricia A.
AU - Davies, Gail
AU - De Leeuw, Christiaan
AU - Eklund, Niina
AU - Evans, Daniel S.
AU - Ferhmann, Rudolf
AU - Fischer, Krista
AU - Gieger, Christian
AU - Gjessing, Håkon K.
AU - Hägg, Sara
AU - Harris, Jennifer R.
AU - Hayward, Caroline
AU - Holzapfel, Christina
AU - Ibrahim-Verbaas, Carla A.
AU - Ingelsson, Erik
AU - Jacobsson, Bo
AU - Joshi, Peter K.
AU - Jugessur, Astanand
AU - Kaakinen, Marika
AU - Kanoni, Stavroula
AU - Karjalainen, Juha
AU - Kolcic, Ivana
AU - Kristiansson, Kati
AU - Kutalik, Zoltán
AU - Lahti, Jari
AU - Lee, Sang H.
AU - Lin, Peng
AU - Lind, Penelope A.
AU - Liu, Yongmei
AU - Lohman, Kurt
AU - Loitfelder, Marisa
AU - McMahon, George
AU - Vidal, Pedro Marques
AU - Meirelles, Osorio
AU - Milani, Lili
AU - Myhre, Ronny
AU - Nuotio, Marja Liisa
AU - Oldmeadow, Christopher J.
AU - Petrovic, Katja E.
AU - Peyrot, Wouter J.
AU - Polašek, Ozren
AU - Quaye, Lydia
AU - Reinmaa, Eva
AU - Rice, John P.
AU - Rizzi, Thais S.
AU - Schmidt, Helena
AU - Schmidt, Reinhold
AU - Smith, Albert V.
AU - Smith, Jennifer A.
AU - Tanaka, Toshiko
AU - Terracciano, Antonio
AU - Van Der Loos, Matthijs J.H.M.
AU - Vitart, Veronique
AU - Völzke, Henry
AU - Wellmann, Jürgen
AU - Yu, Lei
AU - Zhao, Wei
AU - Allik, Jüri
AU - Attia, John R.
AU - Bandinelli, Stefania
AU - Bastardot, François
AU - Beauchamp, Jonathan
AU - Bennett, David A.
AU - Berger, Klaus
AU - Bierut, Laura J.
AU - Boomsma, Dorret I.
AU - Bültmann, Ute
AU - Campbell, Harry
AU - Chabris, Christopher F.
AU - Cherkas, Lynn
AU - Chung, Mina K.
AU - Cucca, Francesco
AU - De Andrade, Mariza
AU - De Jager, Philip L.
AU - De Neve, Jan Emmanuel
AU - Deary, Ian J.
AU - Dedoussis, George V.
AU - Deloukas, Panos
AU - Dimitriou, Maria
AU - Eiríksdóttir, Guoný
AU - Elderson, Martin F.
AU - Eriksson, Johan G.
AU - Evans, David M.
AU - Faul, Jessica D.
AU - Ferrucci, Luigi
AU - Garcia, Melissa E.
AU - Grönberg, Henrik
AU - Guonason, Vilmundur
AU - Hall, Per
AU - Harris, Juliette M.
AU - Harris, Tamara B.
AU - Hastie, Nicholas D.
AU - Heath, Andrew C.
AU - Hernandez, Dena G.
AU - Hoffmann, Wolfgang
AU - Hofman, Adriaan
AU - Holle, Rolf
AU - Holliday, Elizabeth G.
AU - Hottenga, Jouke Jan
AU - Iacono, William G.
AU - Illig, Thomas
AU - Järvelin, Marjo Riitta
AU - Kähönen, Mika
AU - Kaprio, Jaakko
AU - Kirkpatrick, Robert M.
AU - Kowgier, Matthew
AU - Latvala, Antti
AU - Launer, Lenore J.
AU - Lawlor, Debbie A.
AU - Lehtimäki, Terho
AU - Li, Jingmei
AU - Lichtenstein, Paul
AU - Lichtner, Peter
AU - Liewald, David C.
AU - Madden, Pamela A.
AU - Magnusson, Patrik K.E.
AU - Mäkinen, Tomi E.
AU - Masala, Marco
AU - McGue, Matt
AU - Metspalu, Andres
AU - Mielck, Andreas
AU - Miller, Michael B.
AU - Montgomery, Grant W.
AU - Mukherjee, Sutapa
AU - Nyholt, Dale R.
AU - Oostra, Ben A.
AU - Palmer, Lyle J.
AU - Palotie, Aarno
AU - Penninx, Brenda W.J.H.
AU - Perola, Markus
AU - Peyser, Patricia A.
AU - Preisig, Martin
AU - Räikkönen, Katri
AU - Raitakari, Olli T.
AU - Realo, Anu
AU - Ring, Susan M.
AU - Ripatti, Samuli
AU - Rivadeneira, Fernando
AU - Rudan, Igor
AU - Rustichini, Aldo
AU - Salomaa, Veikko
AU - Sarin, Antti Pekka
AU - Schlessinger, David
AU - Scott, Rodney J.
AU - Snieder, Harold
AU - St Pourcain, Beate
AU - Starr, John M.
AU - Sul, Jae Hoon
AU - Surakka, Ida
AU - Svento, Rauli
AU - Teumer, Alexander
AU - Tiemeier, Henning
AU - Van Rooij, Frank J.A.
AU - Van Wagoner, David R.
AU - Vartiainen, Erkki
AU - Viikari, Jorma
AU - Vollenweider, Peter
AU - Vonk, Judith M.
AU - Waeber, Gérard
AU - Weir, David R.
AU - Wichmann, H. Erich
AU - Widen, Elisabeth
AU - Willemsen, Gonneke
AU - Wilson, James F.
AU - Wright, Alan F.
AU - Conley, Dalton
AU - Davey-Smith, George
AU - Franke, Lude
AU - Groenen, Patrick J.F.
AU - Hofman, Albert
AU - Johannesson, Magnus
AU - Kardia, Sharon L.R.
AU - Krueger, Robert F.
AU - Laibson, David
AU - Martin, Nicholas G.
AU - Meyer, Michelle N.
AU - Posthuma, Danielle
AU - Thurik, A. Roy
AU - Timpson, Nicholas J.
AU - Uitterlinden, André G.
AU - Van Duijn, Cornelia M.
AU - Visscher, Peter M.
AU - Benjamin, Daniel J.
AU - Cesarini, David
AU - Koellinger, Philipp D.
PY - 2013
Y1 - 2013
N2 - A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
AB - A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of educational attainment was conducted in a discovery sample of 101,069 individuals and a replication sample of 25,490. Three independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are genome-wide significant (rs9320913, rs11584700, rs4851266), and all three replicate. Estimated effects sizes are small (coefficient of determination R2≈ 0.02%), approximately 1 month of schooling per allele. A linear polygenic score from all measured SNPs accounts for ≈2% of the variance in both educational attainment and cognitive function. Genes in the region of the loci have previously been associated with health, cognitive, and central nervous system phenotypes, and bioinformatics analyses suggest the involvement of the anterior caudate nucleus. These findings provide promising candidate SNPs for follow-up work, and our effect size estimates can anchor power analyses in social-science genetics.
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84879271608&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84879271608&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1126/science.1235488
DO - 10.1126/science.1235488
M3 - Article
C2 - 23722424
AN - SCOPUS:84879271608
VL - 340
SP - 1467
EP - 1471
JO - Science
JF - Science
SN - 0036-8075
IS - 6139
ER -