@article{0346c739359a4cab84177b794dfe3961,
title = "Impacts of Early Childhood Education on Medium- and Long-Term Educational Outcomes",
abstract = "Despite calls to expand early childhood education (ECE) in the United States, questions remain regarding its medium- and long-term impacts on educational outcomes. We use meta-analysis of 22 high-quality experimental and quasi-experimental studies conducted between 1960 and 2016 to find that on average, participation in ECE leads to statistically significant reductions in special education placement (d = 0.33 SD, 8.1 percentage points) and grade retention (d = 0.26 SD, 8.3 percentage points) and increases in high school graduation rates (d = 0.24 SD, 11.4 percentage points). These results support ECE{\textquoteright}s utility for reducing education-related expenditures and promoting child well-being.",
keywords = "early childhood education, grade retention, high school graduation, meta-analysis, preschool, special education",
author = "McCoy, {Dana Charles} and Hirokazu Yoshikawa and Ziol-Guest, {Kathleen M.} and Duncan, {Greg J.} and Schindler, {Holly S.} and Katherine Magnuson and Rui Yang and Andrew Koepp and Shonkoff, {Jack P.}",
note = "Funding Information: We are grateful to the following funders of the National Forum on Early Childhood Policy and Programs: the Alliance for Early Success, the Buffett Early Childhood Fund, the Palix Foundation, Harvard University, and an Anonymous Donor. We are also grateful to the Institute of Education Sciences, U.S. Department of Education (R305A110035) and the National Institutes of Health (5R01HD073172-04) for supporting this research and to Abt Associates, Inc. and the National Institute for Early Education Research for making their data available to us. Research reported in this publication was also supported by National Institute of Child Health and Human Development of the National Institutes of Health under award No. F32HD078034 to the first author. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH or any other funding agency. Funding Information: Head Start funded by the Quasi-experimental Office of Economic (regression Opportunity (OEO) discontinuity design) Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017, {\textcopyright} 2017 AERA.",
year = "2017",
month = nov,
day = "1",
doi = "10.3102/0013189X17737739",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "46",
pages = "474--487",
journal = "Educational Researcher",
issn = "0013-189X",
publisher = "SAGE Publications Inc.",
number = "8",
}