Influences of attentional focus on across-and within-sentence variability in adults who do and do not stutter

Purpose: Research has found an advantage to maintaining an external atten-tional focus while speaking as an increase in accuracy and a decrease in across-sentence variability has been found when producing oral-motor and speech tasks. What is not clear is how attention affects articulatory variability both across and within sentences, or how attention affects articulatory control in speakers who stutter. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an inter-nal versus external attention focus on articulatory variability at the sentence level. Method: This study used linear (spatial-temporal index [STI]) and nonlinear (recur-rence quantification analysis [RQA]) indices to measure lip aperture variability in 10 adults who stutter (AWS) and 15 adults who do not stutter (ANS) while they repeated sentences under an internal versus external attentional focus, virtual reality task (withVR.app; retrieved December 2023 from https://therapy.withvr. app). Four RQA measures were used to calculate within sentence variability including percent recurrence, percent determinism (%DET), stability (MAXLINE), and stationarity (TREND). Sentence duration measures were also obtained. Results: AWS’ movement durations were significantly longer than those of the ANS across conditions, and the AWS were more affected by the attentional focus shifts as their speech rate significantly increased when speaking with an external focus. AWS’ speech patterns were also significantly more deterministic (%DET) and stable (MAXLINE) across attentional focus conditions compared to those of the ANS. Both groups showed an effect from attentional shifts as they exhibited less variability (i.e., more consistent) across sentences (STI) and less determinism (%DET) and stability (MAXLINE) within sentences when repeating sentences under an external attentional focus. STI values were not significantly different between the AWS and ANS for the internal or external attentional focus tasks. There were no significant main effects for group or condition for TREND; however, a main effect for sentence type was found. Conclusion: Results suggest that AWS use a more restrictive and less flexible approach to movement and that an external focus fosters more flexibility and thus responsiveness to external factors.