Integrated Structural and Energy Retrofitting of Masonry Walls: Effect of In-Plane Damage on the Out-of-Plane Response

A total of 12 experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of prior in-plane damage on the out-of-plane response of structurally and thermally retrofitted masonry wallettes, simulating simply the behavior of upgraded masonry infills in frame structures under seismic loading. The specimens were retrofitted with textile-reinforced mortar (TRM), which in some cases was combined with expanded polystyrene as thermal insulation material. Testing comprised in-plane diagonal compression and out-of-plane bending on walls with or without prior in-plane damage. Numerical simulations were also performed using fiber modeling, and they were found in good agreement with test results. The experimental results showed that in-plane loaded walls with TRM only or TRM/insulation retrofitting outperformed significantly their nonretrofitted counterparts. Out-of-plane loaded walls with combined TRM/thermal insulation performed much better than, or at least as well as, their TRM-only retrofitted counterparts, for the case with or without prior in-plane damage, respectively.