Intrastrand G-U cross-links generated by the oxidation of guanine in 5′-d(GCU) and 5′-r(GCU)

It has been suggested that carbonate radical anions are biologically important because they may be produced during the inflammatory response. The carbonate radicals can selectively oxidize guanine in DNA and RNA by one-electron transfer mechanisms and the guanine radicals thus formed decay by diverse competing pathways with other free radicals or nucleophiles. Using a photochemical method to generate CO₃{radical dot}^- radicals in vitro, we compare the distributions of products initiated by the one-electron oxidation of guanine in the trinucleotides 5′-r(GpCpU) and 5′-d(GpCpU) in aqueous buffer solutions (pH 7.5). Similar distributions of stable end products identified by LC-MS/MS methods were found in both cases. The guanine oxidation products include the diastereomeric pair of spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp) and 2,5-diamino-4H-imidazolone (Iz). In addition, intrastrand cross-linked products involving covalent bonds between the G and the U bases (G*CU*) were also found, although with different relative yields in the 2′-deoxy- and the ribotrinucleotides. The positive-ion MS/MS spectra of the 5′-r(G*pCpU*) and 5′-d(G*pCpU*) products clearly indicate the presence of covalently linked G*-U* products that have a mass smaller by 2 Da than the sum of the G and U bases in both types of trinucleotides. The 5′-d(G*CU*) cross-linked product was further characterized by 1D and 2D NMR methods that confirm its cyclic structure in which the guanine C8 atom is covalently linked to the uracil N3 atom.