@article{833b5de0172a4dc29804f75c52860235,
title = "LEAP-GWU-2015 experiment specifications, results, and comparisons",
abstract = "LEAP (Liquefaction Experiments and Analysis Projects) is an effort to formalize the process and provide data needed for validation of numerical models designed to predict liquefaction phenomena. For LEAP-GWU-2015, one project within LEAP, an experiment was repeated at 6 centrifuge facilities (Cambridge University, Kyoto University, University of California Davis, National Central University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and Zhejiang University) and the results were shared and archived for the purposes of validation of numerical models. This paper describes the specifications for the LEAP-GWU-2015 experiment and compares the experimental results from the six facilities. The specified experiment was for uniform medium dense sand with a 5 degree slope in a rigid container subject to a ramped, 1 Hz sine wave base motion. The experiment was meant to be relatively simple to enable different facilities to produce comparable experiments. Although it cannot be claimed that identical experiments were precisely replicated on different centrifuges, it is argued that the results are similar enough that each experiment lends veracity to the set of results. A benefit of variability between experiments is that the variety enables a more general validation. Important lessons with regard to specification of future experiments for validation of numerical models are summarized. LEAP-GWU-2015 has demonstrated an approach that is a useful reference for future validation studies.",
keywords = "Centrifuge modeling, Earthquake, Lateral spreading, Liquefaction, Numerical simulation, Pore water pressure, Validation",
author = "Kutter, {Bruce L.} and Carey, {Trevor J.} and Takuma Hashimoto and Mourad Zeghal and Tarek Abdoun and Panagiota Kokkali and Gopal Madabhushi and Haigh, {Stuart K.} and {Burali d'Arezzo}, Francesca and Srikanth Madabhushi and Hung, {Wen Yi} and Lee, {Chung Jung} and Cheng, {Hao Chien} and Susumu Iai and Tetsuo Tobita and Takayuki Ashino and Jianfei Ren and Zhou, {Yan Guo} and Chen, {Yun Min} and Sun, {Zheng Bo} and Manzari, {Majid T.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors of this paper would like to thank the following individuals for their contributions. Eduardo Cerna and Mike Gomez from University of California Davis for providing the SEM imagines of Ottawa F-65 sand. Bao Li (Barry) Zheng assisted with the data processing and plotting of experimental results. The planning phase of the LEAP project was funded by the US National Science Foundation NEES research program directed by Dr. Richard Fragaszy, through the Grants CMMI-1344705 , CMMI-1344630 , and CMMI-1344619 to the George Washington University, the University of California Davis, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, respectively. The tests of LEAP project performed by National Central University was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C ., research programs directed by Prof. Chung-Jung Lee ( MOST 104-2625-M-008-011 ) and Assistant Professor Wen-Yi Hung ( MOST 104-2625-M-008-012 ), respectively. Part of the work is supported by National Science Foundation of China (No. 51578501 ), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LR15E080001 ), and the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014CB047005 ). Researchers in Japan were partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant nos. JP26282103 and JP25420502 . Appendix A Funding Information: The planning phase of the LEAP project was funded by the US National Science Foundation NEES research program directed by Dr. Richard Fragaszy, through the Grants CMMI-1344705, CMMI-1344630, and CMMI-1344619 to the George Washington University, the University of California Davis, and Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, respectively. The tests of LEAP project performed by National Central University was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology, R.O.C., research programs directed by Prof. Chung-Jung Lee (MOST 104-2625-M-008-011) and Assistant Professor Wen-Yi Hung (MOST 104-2625-M-008-012), respectively. Part of the work is supported by National Science Foundation of China (No. 51578501), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (No. LR15E080001), and the National Basic Research Program of China (No. 2014CB047005). Researchers in Japan were partially supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant nos. JP26282103 and JP25420502. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2017",
year = "2018",
month = oct,
doi = "10.1016/j.soildyn.2017.05.018",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "113",
pages = "616--628",
journal = "Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering",
issn = "0267-7261",
publisher = "Elsevier BV",
}