TY - JOUR
T1 - Longitudinal Associations between Police Harassment and Experiences of Violence among Black Men Who Have Sex with Men in Six US Cities
T2 - the HPTN 061 Study
AU - Feelemyer, Jonathan
AU - Duncan, Dustin T.
AU - Dyer, Typhanye V.
AU - Geller, Amanda
AU - Scheidell, Joy D.
AU - Young, Kailyn E.
AU - Cleland, Charles M.
AU - Turpin, Rodman E.
AU - Brewer, Russell A.
AU - Hucks-Ortiz, Christopher
AU - Mazumdar, Medha
AU - Mayer, Kenneth H.
AU - Khan, Maria R.
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors would like to thank the HPTN 061 Study Participants; HPTN 061 Protocol Co-Chairs: Beryl Koblin, PhD, Kenneth Mayer, MD, and Darrell Wheeler, PhD, MPH; HPTN 061 Protocol Team Members; HPTN Black Caucus; HPTN Network Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center; HPTN CORE Operating Center; FHI360; Black Gay Research Group; Clinical Research Sites, Staff, and CABs at Emory University, Fenway Institute, GWU School of Public Health and Health Services, Harlem Prevention Center, New York Blood Center, San Francisco Department of Public Health; UCLA and The Agents of Change (AOC) Writing Group at the University of Maryland, School of Public Health, Center for Health Equity for their continued support and the Agents of Change Writing Group (UMD). This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant ‘Stop-and-Frisk, Arrest, and Incarceration and STI/HIV Risk in Minority MSM’ (Principal Investigator: MRK; R01DA044037). The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): Cooperative Agreements UM1 AI068619, UM1 AI068617, and UM1 AI068613. Additional site funding - Fenway Institute Clinical Research Site (CRS): Harvard University CFAR (P30 AI060354) and CTU for HIV Prevention and Microbicide Research (UM1 AI069480); George Washington University CRS: District of Columbia Developmental CFAR (P30 AI087714); Harlem Prevention Center CRS and NY Blood Center/Union Square CRS: Columbia University CTU (5U01 AI069466) and ARRA funding (3U01 AI069466-03S1); Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center CRS and The Ponce de Leon Center CRS: Emory University HIV/AIDS CTU (5U01 AI069418), CFAR (P30 AI050409) and CTSA (UL1 RR025008); San Francisco Vaccine and Prevention CRS: ARRA funding (3U01 AI069496-03S1, 3U01 AI069496-03S2); UCLA Vine Street CRS: UCLA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases CTU (U01 AI069424); NIDA P30DA027828-08S1; University of Maryland Prevention Research Center (U48 DP006382); New York University Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (P30 DA011041); New York University-City University of New York (NYU-CUNY) Prevention Research Center (U48 DP005008) and Project DISRUPT (R01 DA-028766). The funding agencies had no role in designing the research, data analyses, and preparation of the report.
Funding Information:
This research was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse grant ‘Stop-and-Frisk, Arrest, and Incarceration and STI/HIV Risk in Minority MSM’ (Principal Investigator: MRK; R01DA044037). The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), and National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): Cooperative Agreements UM1 AI068619, UM1 AI068617, and UM1 AI068613. Additional site funding - Fenway Institute Clinical Research Site (CRS): Harvard University CFAR (P30 AI060354) and CTU for HIV Prevention and Microbicide Research (UM1 AI069480); George Washington University CRS: District of Columbia Developmental CFAR (P30 AI087714); Harlem Prevention Center CRS and NY Blood Center/Union Square CRS: Columbia University CTU (5U01 AI069466) and ARRA funding (3U01 AI069466-03S1); Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center CRS and The Ponce de Leon Center CRS: Emory University HIV/AIDS CTU (5U01 AI069418), CFAR (P30 AI050409) and CTSA (UL1 RR025008); San Francisco Vaccine and Prevention CRS: ARRA funding (3U01 AI069496-03S1, 3U01 AI069496-03S2); UCLA Vine Street CRS: UCLA Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases CTU (U01 AI069424); NIDA P30DA027828-08S1; University of Maryland Prevention Research Center (U48 DP006382); New York University Center for Drug Use and HIV Research (P30 DA011041); New York University-City University of New York (NYU-CUNY) Prevention Research Center (U48 DP005008) and Project DISRUPT (R01 DA-028766). The funding agencies had no role in designing the research, data analyses, and preparation of the report.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2021, The New York Academy of Medicine.
PY - 2021/4
Y1 - 2021/4
N2 - Interactions with the police may result in police brutality, particularly for people of color. Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) face disproportionate risk of police contact and may experience elevated violence risk. We measured longitudinal associations between discriminatory police harassment (DPH) and subsequent risk of a range of interpersonal violence experiences, including intimate partner violence (IPV). In this study, we estimated associations between DPH motivated by racism, homophobia, or both, and subsequent violent experiences (being physically harassed, hit, threatened with weapons, and intimate partner violence) among BMSM. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to control for demographic and behavioral factors. Among 1160 BMSM included at 12-month follow-up, experiencing DPH motivated by racism and homophobia was associated with over four times the odds of being threatened with violence (AOR 4.85, 95% CI 3.20, 7.33), four times the odds of or experiencing violence defined as being punched, kicked, or beaten, or having an object thrown at them (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 2.82, 7.19), and nearly three times the odds of physical partner abuse (AOR 3.49, 95% CI 1.69, 7.19). Findings suggest that for BMSM, DPH is associated with the threat and experience of violence, with a dose-response relationship between DPH motivated by one or more causes. Given that BMSM are a population particularly vulnerable to both police harassment related to race and sexual orientation and violence coupled with stigma, additional research evaluating mechanisms linking these associations is needed in order to develop additional supportive interventions.
AB - Interactions with the police may result in police brutality, particularly for people of color. Black men who have sex with men (BMSM) face disproportionate risk of police contact and may experience elevated violence risk. We measured longitudinal associations between discriminatory police harassment (DPH) and subsequent risk of a range of interpersonal violence experiences, including intimate partner violence (IPV). In this study, we estimated associations between DPH motivated by racism, homophobia, or both, and subsequent violent experiences (being physically harassed, hit, threatened with weapons, and intimate partner violence) among BMSM. Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses were used to control for demographic and behavioral factors. Among 1160 BMSM included at 12-month follow-up, experiencing DPH motivated by racism and homophobia was associated with over four times the odds of being threatened with violence (AOR 4.85, 95% CI 3.20, 7.33), four times the odds of or experiencing violence defined as being punched, kicked, or beaten, or having an object thrown at them (AOR 4.51, 95% CI 2.82, 7.19), and nearly three times the odds of physical partner abuse (AOR 3.49, 95% CI 1.69, 7.19). Findings suggest that for BMSM, DPH is associated with the threat and experience of violence, with a dose-response relationship between DPH motivated by one or more causes. Given that BMSM are a population particularly vulnerable to both police harassment related to race and sexual orientation and violence coupled with stigma, additional research evaluating mechanisms linking these associations is needed in order to develop additional supportive interventions.
KW - Men who have sex with men (MSM)
KW - Police harassment
KW - Violence
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U2 - 10.1007/s11524-021-00526-1
DO - 10.1007/s11524-021-00526-1
M3 - Article
C2 - 33821426
AN - SCOPUS:85103653854
VL - 98
SP - 172
EP - 182
JO - Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
JF - Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
SN - 1099-3460
IS - 2
ER -