Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Collaboration XENON Collaboration; E. Aprile; F. Agostini; M. Alfonsi; L. Arazi; K. Arisaka; F. Arneodo; M. Auger; C. Balan; P. Barrow; L. Baudis; B. Bauermeister; A. Behrens; P. Beltrame; A. Brown; E. Brown; S. Bruenner; G. Bruno; R. Budnik; L. Bütikofer; J. M.R. Cardoso; D. Coderre; A. P. Colijn; H. Contreras; J. P. Cussonneau; M. P. Decowski; A. Di Giovanni; E. Duchovni; S. Fattori; A. D. Ferella; A. Fieguth; W. Fulgione; M. Galloway; M. Garbini; C. Geis; L. W. Goetzke; C. Grignon; E. Gross; W. Hampel; R. Itay; F. Kaether; G. Kessler; A. Kish; H. Landsman; R. F. Lang; M. Le Calloch; D. Lellouch; L. Levinson; C. Levy; S. Lindemann; M. Lindner; J. A.M. Lopes; A. Lyashenko; S. Macmullin; T. Marrodán Undagoitia; J. Masbou; F. V. Massoli; D. Mayani; A. J.Melgarejo Fernandez; Y. Meng; M. Messina; B. Miguez; A. Molinario; M. Murra; J. Naganoma; U. Oberlack; S. E.A. Orrigo; P. Pakarha; E. Pantic; R. Persiani; F. Piastra; J. Pienaar; G. Plante; N. Priel; L. Rauch; S. Reichard; C. Reuter; A. Rizzo; S. Rosendahl; J. M.F. dos Santos; G. Sartorelli; S. Schindler; J. Schreiner; M. Schumann; L. Scotto Lavina; M. Selvi; P. Shagin; H. Simgen; A. Teymourian; D. Thers; A. Tiseni; G. Trinchero; C. Tunnell; O. Vitells; R. Wall; H. Wang; M. Weber; C. Weinheimer; M. Laubenstein

doi:10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

Collaboration XENON Collaboration, E. Aprile, F. Agostini, M. Alfonsi, L. Arazi, K. Arisaka, F. Arneodo, M. Auger, C. Balan, P. Barrow, L. Baudis, B. Bauermeister, A. Behrens, P. Beltrame, A. Brown, E. Brown, S. Bruenner, G. Bruno, R. Budnik, L. BütikoferJ. M.R. Cardoso, D. Coderre, A. P. Colijn, H. Contreras, J. P. Cussonneau, M. P. Decowski, A. Di Giovanni, E. Duchovni, S. Fattori, A. D. Ferella, A. Fieguth, W. Fulgione, M. Galloway, M. Garbini, C. Geis, L. W. Goetzke, C. Grignon, E. Gross, W. Hampel, R. Itay, F. Kaether, G. Kessler, A. Kish, H. Landsman, R. F. Lang, M. Le Calloch, D. Lellouch, L. Levinson, C. Levy, S. Lindemann, M. Lindner, J. A.M. Lopes, A. Lyashenko, S. Macmullin, T. Marrodán Undagoitia, J. Masbou, F. V. Massoli, D. Mayani, A. J.Melgarejo Fernandez, Y. Meng, M. Messina, B. Miguez, A. Molinario, M. Murra, J. Naganoma, U. Oberlack, S. E.A. Orrigo, P. Pakarha, E. Pantic, R. Persiani, F. Piastra, J. Pienaar, G. Plante, N. Priel, L. Rauch, S. Reichard, C. Reuter, A. Rizzo, S. Rosendahl, J. M.F. dos Santos, G. Sartorelli, S. Schindler, J. Schreiner, M. Schumann, L. Scotto Lavina, M. Selvi, P. Shagin, H. Simgen, A. Teymourian, D. Thers, A. Tiseni, G. Trinchero, C. Tunnell, O. Vitells, R. Wall, H. Wang, M. Weber, C. Weinheimer, M. Laubenstein

Physics

Research output: Contribution to journal › Article › peer-review

Abstract

The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.

Original language	English (US)
Article number	546
Pages (from-to)	1-10
Number of pages	10
Journal	European Physical Journal C
Volume	75
Issue number	11
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5
State	Published - Nov 1 2015

ASJC Scopus subject areas

Engineering (miscellaneous)
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous)

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10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

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XENON Collaboration, C., Aprile, E., Agostini, F., Alfonsi, M., Arazi, L., Arisaka, K., Arneodo, F., Auger, M., Balan, C., Barrow, P., Baudis, L., Bauermeister, B., Behrens, A., Beltrame, P., Brown, A., Brown, E., Bruenner, S., Bruno, G., Budnik, R., ... Laubenstein, M. (2015). Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. European Physical Journal C, 75(11), 1-10. Article 546. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

XENON Collaboration, C, Aprile, E, Agostini, F, Alfonsi, M, Arazi, L, Arisaka, K, Arneodo, F, Auger, M, Balan, C, Barrow, P, Baudis, L, Bauermeister, B, Behrens, A, Beltrame, P, Brown, A, Brown, E, Bruenner, S, Bruno, G, Budnik, R, Bütikofer, L, Cardoso, JMR, Coderre, D, Colijn, AP, Contreras, H, Cussonneau, JP, Decowski, MP, Giovanni, AD, Duchovni, E, Fattori, S, Ferella, AD, Fieguth, A, Fulgione, W, Galloway, M, Garbini, M, Geis, C, Goetzke, LW, Grignon, C, Gross, E, Hampel, W, Itay, R, Kaether, F, Kessler, G, Kish, A, Landsman, H, Lang, RF, Calloch, ML, Lellouch, D, Levinson, L, Levy, C, Lindemann, S, Lindner, M, Lopes, JAM, Lyashenko, A, Macmullin, S, Undagoitia, TM, Masbou, J, Massoli, FV, Mayani, D, Fernandez, AJM, Meng, Y, Messina, M, Miguez, B, Molinario, A, Murra, M, Naganoma, J, Oberlack, U, Orrigo, SEA, Pakarha, P, Pantic, E, Persiani, R, Piastra, F, Pienaar, J, Plante, G, Priel, N, Rauch, L, Reichard, S, Reuter, C, Rizzo, A, Rosendahl, S, dos Santos, JMF, Sartorelli, G, Schindler, S, Schreiner, J, Schumann, M, Lavina, LS, Selvi, M, Shagin, P, Simgen, H, Teymourian, A, Thers, D, Tiseni, A, Trinchero, G, Tunnell, C, Vitells, O, Wall, R, Wang, H, Weber, M, Weinheimer, C & Laubenstein, M 2015, 'Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment', European Physical Journal C, vol. 75, no. 11, 546, pp. 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

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title = "Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment",

abstract = "The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.",

author = "{XENON Collaboration}, Collaboration and E. Aprile and F. Agostini and M. Alfonsi and L. Arazi and K. Arisaka and F. Arneodo and M. Auger and C. Balan and P. Barrow and L. Baudis and B. Bauermeister and A. Behrens and P. Beltrame and A. Brown and E. Brown and S. Bruenner and G. Bruno and R. Budnik and L. B{\"u}tikofer and Cardoso, {J. M.R.} and D. Coderre and Colijn, {A. P.} and H. Contreras and Cussonneau, {J. P.} and Decowski, {M. P.} and Giovanni, {A. Di} and E. Duchovni and S. Fattori and Ferella, {A. D.} and A. Fieguth and W. Fulgione and M. Galloway and M. Garbini and C. Geis and Goetzke, {L. W.} and C. Grignon and E. Gross and W. Hampel and R. Itay and F. Kaether and G. Kessler and A. Kish and H. Landsman and Lang, {R. F.} and Calloch, {M. Le} and D. Lellouch and L. Levinson and C. Levy and S. Lindemann and M. Lindner and Lopes, {J. A.M.} and A. Lyashenko and S. Macmullin and Undagoitia, {T. Marrod{\'a}n} and J. Masbou and Massoli, {F. V.} and D. Mayani and Fernandez, {A. J.Melgarejo} and Y. Meng and M. Messina and B. Miguez and A. Molinario and M. Murra and J. Naganoma and U. Oberlack and Orrigo, {S. E.A.} and P. Pakarha and E. Pantic and R. Persiani and F. Piastra and J. Pienaar and G. Plante and N. Priel and L. Rauch and S. Reichard and C. Reuter and A. Rizzo and S. Rosendahl and {dos Santos}, {J. M.F.} and G. Sartorelli and S. Schindler and J. Schreiner and M. Schumann and Lavina, {L. Scotto} and M. Selvi and P. Shagin and H. Simgen and A. Teymourian and D. Thers and A. Tiseni and G. Trinchero and C. Tunnell and O. Vitells and R. Wall and H. Wang and M. Weber and C. Weinheimer and M. Laubenstein",

note = "Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2015, The Author(s).",

year = "2015",

month = nov,

day = "1",

doi = "10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5",

language = "English (US)",

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TY - JOUR

T1 - Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

AU - XENON Collaboration, Collaboration

AU - Aprile, E.

AU - Agostini, F.

AU - Alfonsi, M.

AU - Arazi, L.

AU - Arisaka, K.

AU - Arneodo, F.

AU - Auger, M.

AU - Balan, C.

AU - Barrow, P.

AU - Baudis, L.

AU - Bauermeister, B.

AU - Behrens, A.

AU - Beltrame, P.

AU - Brown, A.

AU - Brown, E.

AU - Bruenner, S.

AU - Bruno, G.

AU - Budnik, R.

AU - Bütikofer, L.

AU - Cardoso, J. M.R.

AU - Coderre, D.

AU - Colijn, A. P.

AU - Contreras, H.

AU - Cussonneau, J. P.

AU - Decowski, M. P.

AU - Giovanni, A. Di

AU - Duchovni, E.

AU - Fattori, S.

AU - Ferella, A. D.

AU - Fieguth, A.

AU - Fulgione, W.

AU - Galloway, M.

AU - Garbini, M.

AU - Geis, C.

AU - Goetzke, L. W.

AU - Grignon, C.

AU - Gross, E.

AU - Hampel, W.

AU - Itay, R.

AU - Kaether, F.

AU - Kessler, G.

AU - Kish, A.

AU - Landsman, H.

AU - Lang, R. F.

AU - Calloch, M. Le

AU - Lellouch, D.

AU - Levinson, L.

AU - Levy, C.

AU - Lindemann, S.

AU - Lindner, M.

AU - Lopes, J. A.M.

AU - Lyashenko, A.

AU - Macmullin, S.

AU - Undagoitia, T. Marrodán

AU - Masbou, J.

AU - Massoli, F. V.

AU - Mayani, D.

AU - Fernandez, A. J.Melgarejo

AU - Meng, Y.

AU - Messina, M.

AU - Miguez, B.

AU - Molinario, A.

AU - Murra, M.

AU - Naganoma, J.

AU - Oberlack, U.

AU - Orrigo, S. E.A.

AU - Pakarha, P.

AU - Pantic, E.

AU - Persiani, R.

AU - Piastra, F.

AU - Pienaar, J.

AU - Plante, G.

AU - Priel, N.

AU - Rauch, L.

AU - Reichard, S.

AU - Reuter, C.

AU - Rizzo, A.

AU - Rosendahl, S.

AU - dos Santos, J. M.F.

AU - Sartorelli, G.

AU - Schindler, S.

AU - Schreiner, J.

AU - Schumann, M.

AU - Lavina, L. Scotto

AU - Selvi, M.

AU - Shagin, P.

AU - Simgen, H.

AU - Teymourian, A.

AU - Thers, D.

AU - Tiseni, A.

AU - Trinchero, G.

AU - Tunnell, C.

AU - Vitells, O.

AU - Wall, R.

AU - Wang, H.

AU - Weber, M.

AU - Weinheimer, C.

AU - Laubenstein, M.

PY - 2015/11/1

Y1 - 2015/11/1

N2 - The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.

AB - The low-background, VUV-sensitive 3-inch diameter photomultiplier tube R11410 has been developed by Hamamatsu for dark matter direct detection experiments using liquid xenon as the target material. We present the results from the joint effort between the XENON collaboration and the Hamamatsu company to produce a highly radio-pure photosensor (version R11410-21) for the XENON1T dark matter experiment. After introducing the photosensor and its components, we show the methods and results of the radioactive contamination measurements of the individual materials employed in the photomultiplier production. We then discuss the adopted strategies to reduce the radioactivity of the various PMT versions. Finally, we detail the results from screening 286 tubes with ultra-low background germanium detectors, as well as their implications for the expected electronic and nuclear recoil background of the XENON1T experiment.

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=84947913155&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=84947913155&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

DO - 10.1140/epjc/s10052-015-3657-5

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84947913155

SN - 1434-6044

VL - 75

SP - 1

EP - 10

JO - European Physical Journal C

JF - European Physical Journal C

IS - 11

M1 - 546

ER -

Lowering the radioactivity of the photomultiplier tubes for the XENON1T dark matter experiment

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