TY - JOUR
T1 - 'Meat or wheat for the next millennium?' Plenary lecture. Animal v. plant foods in human diets and health
T2 - Is the historical record unequivocal?
AU - Nestle, Marion
N1 - Funding Information:
Since that time, research has increasingly supported the benefits of largely plant-based diets for prevention of CHD (Krauss et al. 1996), cancer (American Cancer Society Advisory Committee, 1996; World Cancer Research Fund and American Institute for Cancer Research, 1997), and diabetes mellitus (American Diabetes Association, 1996). The importance of consuming more plant foods is illustrated by observations that disease conditions related to patterns of personal behaviour account for an estimated 800 000 (or 38 %) of annual deaths in the USA, at least half of them attributable to the combined interaction of diet and activity patterns (McGinnis & Foege, 1993).
PY - 1999/5
Y1 - 1999/5
N2 - An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter-gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations. To accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.
AB - An ideal diet is one that promotes optimal health and longevity. Throughout history, human societies have developed varieties of dietary patterns based on available food plants and animals that successfully supported growth and reproduction. As economies changed from scarcity to abundance, principal diet-related diseases have shifted from nutrient deficiencies to chronic diseases related to dietary excesses. This shift has led to increasing scientific consensus that eating more plant foods but fewer animal foods would best promote health. This consensus is based on research relating dietary factors to chronic disease risks, and to observations of exceptionally low chronic disease rates among people consuming vegetarian, Mediterranean and Asian diets. One challenge to this consensus is the idea that palaeolithic man consumed more meat than currently recommended, and that this pattern is genetically determined. If such exists, a genetic basis for ideal proportions of plant or animal foods is difficult to determine; hominoid primates are largely vegetarian, current hunter-gatherer groups rely on foods that can be obtained most conveniently, and the archeological record is insufficient to determine whether plants or animals predominated. Most evidence suggests that a shift to largely plant-based diets would reduce chronic disease risks among industrialized and rapidly-industrializing populations. To accomplish this shift, it will be necessary to overcome market-place barriers and to develop new policies that will encourage greater consumption of fruits, vegetables and grains as a means to promote public health.
KW - Dietary recommendations
KW - Optimal diets
KW - Palaeolithic diets
KW - Plant-based diets
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U2 - 10.1017/s0029665199000300
DO - 10.1017/s0029665199000300
M3 - Article
C2 - 10466159
AN - SCOPUS:0032811375
SN - 0029-6651
VL - 58
SP - 211
EP - 218
JO - Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
JF - Proceedings of the Nutrition Society
IS - 2
ER -