Military Sexual Trauma, Childhood Trauma, and Combat Trauma: Associations With Longitudinal Posttraumatic Growth Among U.S. Veterans

Objective: Military sexual trauma (MST), childhood trauma, and combat trauma are prevalent among U.S. military personnel. Cumulative trauma exposure may hinder posttraumatic growth, a positive psychological change following traumatic events, while social support can facilitate this growth. Understanding the influence of these traumas and social support on longitudinal posttraumatic growth is crucial. Method: We assessed 1,230 veterans at 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months postinitial survey. Latent class analysis identified trauma experience classes, and latent growth models examined posttraumatic growth trajectories, incorporating social support as a time-varying covariate. Results: The latent class analysis revealed four classes: high trauma exposure, moderate childhood trauma–moderate combat trauma, high MST–moderate combat trauma, and combat trauma only. Veterans in the combat-only class reported significant posttraumatic growth. The moderate childhood trauma–moderate combat class exhibited consistently low growth. Veterans in the high MST–moderate combat class showed slightly higher initial growth but no significant change over time. The high trauma exposure class experienced a significant decline in growth. Conclusions: Social support significantly predicted posttraumatic growth, with varying impacts across trauma classes. Interventions could be vital for survivors of MST, childhood trauma, or compounded traumas to enhance posttraumatic growth among military veterans.