TY - JOUR
T1 - New genetic evidence on the evolution of chimpanzee populations and implications for taxonomy
AU - Gonder, Mary Katherine
AU - Disotell, Todd R.
AU - Oates, John F.
N1 - Funding Information:
We traced character state changes along the branches of each tree. Five fixed substitutions (1 transition and 4 transversions) support the branches dividing clade A from clade B. The low ratio of transitions to transversions is probably due to saturation at mutational hotspots along the HVRI locus (Meyer et al., 1999). Several substitutions are nearly fixed in each group. Within clade A, the branch separating Upper Guinea chimpanzees (clade A1) and those in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon (clade A2) is supported by 4 fixed transitions in the trees from Figs. 3 and 4. Several more substitutions are nearly fixed within each group. We detected no fixed nucleotide differences that divide HVRI haplotypes of chimpanzees in western equatorial Africa from those in eastern Africa.
Funding Information:
We thank the federal governments of Cameroon and Nigeria; the state governments of Cross River, Ondo, and Ekiti in Nigeria; the Nigerian Conservation Foundation, the Pandrillus Foundation; Pronatura International (Nigeria); the Wildlife Conservation Society; and the World Wide Fund for Nature for their support during sample collection in Cameroon and Nigeria by M. K. Gonder. We also thank 3 anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on the manuscript. The L.S.B. Leakey Foundation, Primate Conservation, Inc., the National Science Foundation (Dissertation Improvement Award, Graduate Research Fellowship, and NYCEP Research Training Grant), and the Wenner-Gren Foundation supported the research. We exported all samples from Africa under CITES exportation permits (Cameroon: 0172/PE/MINEF/DFAP/SL/SLP; Nigeria: FEPA/LSN/68/T/39) and imported them under U.S. CITES (US810330) and USDA (97-418-2) importation permits.
Copyright:
Copyright 2008 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
PY - 2006/8
Y1 - 2006/8
N2 - Primatologists widely recognize chimpanzees as belonging to a single species, Pan troglodytes, which they traditionally have further divided into 3 subspecies: west African P. t. verus, central African P. t. troglodytes, and east African P. t. schweinfurthii. Previously, we suggested that the phylogeographic history of chimpanzees may be different from that implied by the widely used taxonomy of the species. We based the suggestion on only a limited sample of haplotypes from the first hypervariable region (HVRI) of mitochondrial (mt)DNA from chimpanzees in Nigeria. We have now compiled a more geographically comprehensive genetic database for chimpanzees, including samples obtained near the Niger and Sanaga Rivers. Our database is composed of 254 HVRI haplotypes from chimpanzees of known geographic origin, including 79 unique HVRI haplotypes from chimpanzees living in Nigeria and Cameroon. The genetic data provide clear evidence that a major phylogeographic break between chimpanzee lineages occurs near the Sanaga River in central Cameroon and suggest the need for a reclassification of chimpanzees.
AB - Primatologists widely recognize chimpanzees as belonging to a single species, Pan troglodytes, which they traditionally have further divided into 3 subspecies: west African P. t. verus, central African P. t. troglodytes, and east African P. t. schweinfurthii. Previously, we suggested that the phylogeographic history of chimpanzees may be different from that implied by the widely used taxonomy of the species. We based the suggestion on only a limited sample of haplotypes from the first hypervariable region (HVRI) of mitochondrial (mt)DNA from chimpanzees in Nigeria. We have now compiled a more geographically comprehensive genetic database for chimpanzees, including samples obtained near the Niger and Sanaga Rivers. Our database is composed of 254 HVRI haplotypes from chimpanzees of known geographic origin, including 79 unique HVRI haplotypes from chimpanzees living in Nigeria and Cameroon. The genetic data provide clear evidence that a major phylogeographic break between chimpanzee lineages occurs near the Sanaga River in central Cameroon and suggest the need for a reclassification of chimpanzees.
KW - Chimpanzee subspecies
KW - Chimpanzees
KW - Phylogeography
KW - Population structure
KW - mtDNA
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U2 - 10.1007/s10764-006-9063-y
DO - 10.1007/s10764-006-9063-y
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:33750265257
SN - 0164-0291
VL - 27
SP - 1103
EP - 1127
JO - International Journal of Primatology
JF - International Journal of Primatology
IS - 4
ER -