Abstract
Dynamic soil-structure interaction analyses were carried out for the seismic retrofit design of the immersed George Massey Tunnel, both to predict and study soil liquefaction and related tunnel movements and to design ground improvement. The proposed ground improvement included ground densification using vibroreplacement stone columns along both sides of the tunnel and seismic gravel drains adjacent to the outer edge of the densified zones. The densification and drainage were proposed to locally mitigate soil liquefaction and reduce displacements of the tunnel to tolerable levels. Centrifuge model tests with base shaking to simulate earthquake effects were conducted to verify and calibrate the numerical models. This included simulating the effects of ground densification and drainage on remediating tunnel movements. This paper presents the principal results from the dynamic analyses, the centrifuge model design and testing procedure, the class A predictions of the centrifuge tests, and discussions of the centrifuge test results and numerical model calibrations.
Original language | English (US) |
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Pages (from-to) | 921-942 |
Number of pages | 22 |
Journal | Canadian Geotechnical Journal |
Volume | 41 |
Issue number | 5 |
DOIs | |
State | Published - Oct 2004 |
Keywords
- Centrifuge testing
- Design verification
- Immersed tunnel
- Numerical calibration
- Seismic retrofit
- Soil liquefaction
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Civil and Structural Engineering
- Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology