Observation of two-neutrino double electron capture in ¹²⁴Xe with XENON1T

Two-neutrino double electron capture (2?ECEC) is a second-order weak-interaction process with a predicted half-life that surpasses the age of the Universe by many orders of magnitude¹. Until now, indications of 2?ECEC decays have only been seen for two isotopes^2–5, ⁷⁸Kr and ¹³⁰Ba, and instruments with very low background levels are needed to detect them directly with high statistical significance^6,7. The 2?ECEC half-life is an important observable for nuclear structure models^8–14 and its measurement represents a meaningful step in the search for neutrinoless double electron capture—the detection of which would establish the Majorana nature of the neutrino and would give access to the absolute neutrino mass^15–17. Here we report the direct observation of 2?ECEC in ¹²⁴Xe with the XENON1T dark-matter detector. The significance of the signal is 4.4 standard deviations and the corresponding half-life of 1.8 × 10²² years (statistical uncertainty, 0.5 × 10²² years; systematic uncertainty, 0.1 × 10²² years) is the longest measured directly so far. This study demonstrates that the low background and large target mass of xenon-based dark-matter detectors make them well suited for measuring rare processes and highlights the broad physics reach of larger next-generation experiments^18–20.