TY - JOUR
T1 - On-Chip Sinusoidal Signal Generators for Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy
T2 - Methodological Review
AU - Kweon, Soon Jae
AU - Rafi, Ayesha Kajol
AU - Cheon, Song I.
AU - Je, Minkyu
AU - Ha, Sohmyung
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported in part by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) through Basic Science Research Program funded by the Ministry of Education, Republic of Korea, under Grant 2021R1A6A3A03043927, and in part by the DGIST R&D Program of the Ministry of Science and ICT, South Korea, under Grant 21-IJRP-01.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2007-2012 IEEE.
PY - 2022/6/1
Y1 - 2022/6/1
N2 - This paper reviews architectures and circuit implementations of on-chip sinusoidal signal generators (SSGs) for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applications. In recent years, there have been increasing interests in on-chip EIS systems, which measure a target material's impedance spectrum over a frequency range. The on-chip implementation allows EIS systems to have low power and small form factor, enabling various biomedical applications. One of the key building blocks of on-chip EIS systems is on-chip SSG, which determines the frequency range and the analysis precision of the whole EIS system. On-chip SSGs are generally required to have high linearity, wide frequency range, and high power and area efficiency. They are typically composed of three stages in general: waveform generation, linearity enhancement, and current injection. First, a sinusoidal waveform should be generated in SSGs. The generated waveform's frequency should be accurately adjustable over a wide range. The firstly generated waveform may not be perfectly linear, including unwanted harmonics. In the following linearity-enhancement step, these harmonics are attenuated by using filters typically. As the linearity of the waveform is improved, the precision of the EIS system gets ensured. Lastly, the filtered voltage waveform is now converted to a current by a current driver. Then, the current sinusoidal signal is injected into the target impedance. This review discusses the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various techniques applied to each step in state-of-the-art on-chip SSGs. In addition, state-of-the-art designs are compared and summarized.
AB - This paper reviews architectures and circuit implementations of on-chip sinusoidal signal generators (SSGs) for electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applications. In recent years, there have been increasing interests in on-chip EIS systems, which measure a target material's impedance spectrum over a frequency range. The on-chip implementation allows EIS systems to have low power and small form factor, enabling various biomedical applications. One of the key building blocks of on-chip EIS systems is on-chip SSG, which determines the frequency range and the analysis precision of the whole EIS system. On-chip SSGs are generally required to have high linearity, wide frequency range, and high power and area efficiency. They are typically composed of three stages in general: waveform generation, linearity enhancement, and current injection. First, a sinusoidal waveform should be generated in SSGs. The generated waveform's frequency should be accurately adjustable over a wide range. The firstly generated waveform may not be perfectly linear, including unwanted harmonics. In the following linearity-enhancement step, these harmonics are attenuated by using filters typically. As the linearity of the waveform is improved, the precision of the EIS system gets ensured. Lastly, the filtered voltage waveform is now converted to a current by a current driver. Then, the current sinusoidal signal is injected into the target impedance. This review discusses the principles, advantages, and disadvantages of various techniques applied to each step in state-of-the-art on-chip SSGs. In addition, state-of-the-art designs are compared and summarized.
KW - Bioimpedance
KW - current driver
KW - current injection
KW - impedance measurement
KW - linearity enhancement
KW - sinusoidal waveform generation
KW - spurious-free dynamic range
KW - total harmonic distortion
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U2 - 10.1109/TBCAS.2022.3171163
DO - 10.1109/TBCAS.2022.3171163
M3 - Review article
C2 - 35482701
AN - SCOPUS:85129443346
SN - 1932-4545
VL - 16
SP - 337
EP - 360
JO - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
JF - IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems
IS - 3
ER -