@article{88f94bf55dfa48e2883d3eaeda8843ae,
title = "Ontogeny of the early hominid face",
abstract = "New approaches to the study of early hominid mineralised tissue biology have been developed and it is now possible to investigate actual growth mechanisms responsible for the development of fossil bones and teeth. Dynamic features of skeletal morophogenesis in ontogeny and phylogeny can thus be described. Microanatomical studies of immature hominid facial material reveal that specimens attributed to Australopithecus retained the primitive hominoid facial remodeling pattern, reflecting their relatively prognathic facial profiles compared to modern Homo. Paranthropus exhibited a unique facial remodeling pattern somewhat paralleling modern Homo, accounting for the relative orthognathy of this taxon. Early Homo facial remodeling could not be as satisfactorily appraised, but mandibular and lower midfacial remodeling was demonstrably like that of Australopithecus while upper midfacial remodeling has remained equivocal. It is concluded that ontogenetic data can potentially test claimed homologies and be a useful variable in taxonomic and phylogenetic inquiry.",
keywords = "Australopithecus, Ontogeny, Paranthropus, SEM, bone remodeling, craniofacial growth, hominid, phylogeny",
author = "Bromage, {Timothy G.}",
note = "Funding Information: I am grateful to Alan Boyde for what turned into years of academic, moral and practical support for the work reported here (and then some). I thank Eric Delson, Bill Kimbel, Sheila Jones, Yoel Rak and Fred Szalay for their reading of the manuscript, critical comments and helpful discussions. I thank the following for permission to study the fossil hominid material in their care: the Governments of Kenya (by permit CAB. 13/001/l lc 62/10), Tanzania, and Ethiopia, C. K. Brain, Y. Coppens, F. C. Howell, A. Hughes, D. C. Johanson, W. 11. Kimbel, M. D. Leakey, R. E. F. Leakey, P. V. Tobias, E. Vrba and T. D. White. I thank W. Bass and D. Ubelaker for enabling me to study comparative human crania, and I thank D. C. Johanson, W. H. Kimbel and G. Musser for providing the comparative chimpanzee crania. Support for the work reported here was provided by the L. S. B. Leakey Foundation and the Foundation for Research into the Origins of Man. The SEM and laboratory facilities were provided by Alan Boyde. A version of this paper was presented to the participants of the conference on “Primate Life History and Evolution”, sponsored by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research (conference no. 104). I thank the organisers, Jean DeRousseau and Mary Ellen Morbeck, and the Foundation{\textquoteright}s Presidents, Lita Osmundson (outgoing) and Side1 Silverman (incoming), for making this possible.",
year = "1989",
month = dec,
doi = "10.1016/0047-2484(89)90088-2",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "18",
pages = "751--773",
journal = "Journal of Human Evolution",
issn = "0047-2484",
publisher = "Academic Press Inc.",
number = "8",
}