@article{dd568af9237d4061bd6c72917b22f054,
title = "Ontogeny of the maxilla in Neanderthals and their ancestors",
abstract = "Neanderthals had large and projecting (prognathic) faces similar to those of their putative ancestors from Sima de los Huesos (SH) and different from the retracted modern human face. When such differences arose during development and the morphogenetic modifications involved are unknown. We show that maxillary growth remodelling (bone formation and resorption) of the Devil's Tower (Gibraltar 2) and La Quina 18 Neanderthals and four SH hominins, all sub-adults, show extensive bone deposition, whereas in modern humans extensive osteoclastic bone resorption is found in the same regions. This morphogenetic difference is evident by ∼5 years of age. Modern human faces are distinct from those of the Neanderthal and SH fossils in part because their postnatal growth processes differ markedly. The growth remodelling identified in these fossil hominins is shared with Australopithecus and early Homo but not with modern humans suggesting that the modern human face is developmentally derived.",
author = "Lacruz, {Rodrigo S.} and Bromage, {Timothy G.} and Paul O'Higgins and Arsuaga, {Juan Luis} and Chris Stringer and Godinho, {Ricardo Miguel} and Johanna Warshaw and Ignacio Mart{\'i}nez and Ana Gracia-Tellez and {De Castro}, {Jos{\'e} Mar{\'i}a Berm{\'u}dez} and Eudald Carbonell",
note = "Funding Information: Project funded by NIH/NIDCR (DE022799) to R.S.L. and Leakey Foundation to R.S.L. Research support was also provided by the 2010 Max Planck Research Award to T.G.B., endowed by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research to the Max Planck Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in respect of the Hard Tissue Research Program in Human Paleobiomics. The research by C.S. is supported by the Calleva Foundation and the Human Origins Research Fund. This article has been also sponsored by the Direcci{\'o}n General de Investigaci{\'o}n of the Spanish Ministry of {\textquoteleft}Econom{\'i}a y Competitividad{\textquoteright}, Grant Numbers CGL2012-38434-C01-02-03, the {\textquoteleft}Consejer{\'i}a de Cultura y Turismo of the Junta de Castilla y Le{\'o}n{\textquoteright}, and the {\textquoteleft}Fundaci{\'o}n Atapuerca{\textquoteright}. A.G.-T. has a contract from the Ram{\'o}n y Cajal Program (RYC-2010-06152). We are also indebted to the Natural History Museum, London, for access to the Gibraltar 2 specimen as well as Catherine Schwab at the Mus{\'e}e d{\textquoteright}Arch{\'e}ologie nationale et Domaine national de Saint-Germain-en-Laye for access to La Quina 18. Alain Froment and Aur{\'e}lie Fort from Mus{\'e}e de l{\textquoteright}Homme, Paris, are thanked for access to Pech de l{\textquoteright}Az{\'e} child and La Ferrassie 1. Mar{\'i}a Cruz Ortega Mart{\'i}nez is thanked for assistance with the SH fossils as well as J.M Carretero and the staff at the University of Burgos for access to the SEM.",
year = "2015",
month = dec,
day = "7",
doi = "10.1038/ncomms9996",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "6",
journal = "Nature communications",
issn = "2041-1723",
publisher = "Nature Research",
}