A review of optical techniques that can be used for measurement of deformations and stresses in transparent synthetic soils is presented in this chapter. The presented techniques include methods based on (1) target tracking and image cross correlation, (2) speckle and holographic interferometry, (3) photoelasticity, and (4) cross tomography. All techniques are presented with a brief background for basic understanding of the major experimental issues, as well as a discussion of how they can be applied for measuring stress and strain in transparent soils. The advantages and disadvantages of using each technique are also discussed.