@article{aa7360fad85744679110828bbb50893d,
title = "Parents{\textquoteright} Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children{\textquoteright}s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain",
abstract = "Background:Aim: To examine racial/ethnic variations in the effect of parents{\textquoteright} subjective neighborhood safety on children{\textquoteright}s cognitive performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 10,027 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The exposure variable was parents{\textquoteright} subjective neighborhood safety. The outcomes were three domains of children{\textquoteright}s cognitive performance: general cognitive performance, executive functioning, and learning/memory. We used mixed-effects regression models for data analysis. Results: Overall, parents{\textquoteright} subjective neighborhood safety was positively associated with children{\textquoteright}s executive functioning, but not general cognitive performance or learning/memory. Higher parents{\textquoteright} subjective neighborhood safety had a more positive influence on the executive functioning of non-Hispanic White than Asian American children. Higher parents{\textquoteright} subjective neighborhood safety was associated with higher general cognitive performance and learning/memory for non-White children relative to non-Hispanic White children. Conclusion: The race/ethnicity of children moderates the association between neighborhood safety and cognitive performance. This becomes more complicated, as the patterns seem to differ across ethnicity and cognitive domains. It is unknown whether the observed racial/ethnic variations in the effect of neighborhood safety on cognitive performance are neighborhood characteristics such as residential segregation. Addressing neighborhood inequalities is needed if we wish to reduce racial/ethnic inequities in the cognitive development of children.",
keywords = "children, cognition, cognitive performance, ethnicity, population groups, race",
author = "Shervin Assari and Shanika Boyce and Ritesh Mistry and Alvin Thomas and Nicholson, {Harvey L.} and Cobb, {Ryon J.} and Cuevas, {Adolfo G.} and Lee, {Daniel B.} and Mohsen Bazargan and Caldwell, {Cleopatra H.} and Curry, {Tommy J.} and Zimmerman, {Marc A.}",
note = "Funding Information: Assari is supported by the following National Institutes of Health (NIH) awards: CA201415 02, D084526-03, U54MD007598, DA035811-05, U54MD008149, and U54CA229974. Funding Information: Data used in the preparation of this article were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study ( https://abcdstudy.org (accessed on 5 May 2021)), held in the NIMH Data Archive (NDA). The ABCD Study is supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and additional federal partners under award numbers U01DA041022, U01DA041025, U01DA041028, U01DA041048, U01DA041089, U01DA041093, U01DA041106, U01DA041117, U01DA041120, U01DA041134, U01DA041148, U01DA041156, U01DA041174, U24DA041123, and U24DA041147. A full list of federal partners is available at https://abcdstudy.org/federal-partners.html (accessed on 5 May 2021). A listing of participating sites and a complete listing of the study investigators can be found at https://abcdstudy.org/principal-investigators.html (accessed on 5 May 2021). This manuscript reflects the views of the authors and may not reflect the opinions or views of the NIH or ABCD consortium investigators. ABCD consortium investigators designed and implemented the study and/or provided data but did not necessarily participate in this report{\textquoteright}s analysis or writing. The ABCD data repository grows and changes over time. The current paper used the Curated Annual Release 2.0, also defined in NDA Study 634 (doi:10.15154/1503209). DEAP is a software provided by the Data Analysis and Informatics Center of ABCD located at the UC San Diego with generous support from the National Institutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under award number U24DA041123. The DEAP project information and links to its source code are available under the resource identifier RRID: SCR_016158. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2021 by the authors.",
year = "2021",
month = jun,
doi = "10.3390/urbansci5020046",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "5",
journal = "Urban Science",
issn = "2413-8851",
publisher = "MDPI AG",
number = "2",
}