@inproceedings{41e55e6d0cf147b6b4715cf55292242f,
title = "Passive haptic learning of Braille typing",
abstract = "Passive Haptic Learning (PHL) is the acquisition of sensorimotor skills without active attention to learning. One method is to {"}teach{"}motor skills using vibration cues delivered by a wearable, tactile interface while the user is focusing on another, primary task. We have created a system for Passive Haptic Learning of typing skills. In a study containing 16 participants, users demonstrated significantly reduced error typing a phrase in Braille after receiving passive instruction versus control (32.85% average decline in error vs. 2.73% increase in error). PHL users were also able to recognize and read more Braille letters from the phrase (72.5% vs. 22.4%). In a second study, containing 8 participants thus far, we passively teach the full Braille alphabet over four sessions. Typing error reductions in participants receiving PHL were more rapid and consistent, with 75% of PHL vs. 0% of control users reaching zero typing error. By the end of the study, PHL participants were also able to recognize and read 93.3% of all Braille alphabet letters. These results suggest that Passive Haptic instruction facilitated by wearable computers may be a feasible method of teaching Braille typing and reading.",
keywords = "Braille, PHL, blind, haptic, interfaces, learning, passive learning, tactile, text entry, typing, wearable",
author = "Caitlyn Seim and John Chandler and Kayla Desportes and Siddharth Dhingra and Miru Park and Thad Starner",
note = "Funding Information: This material is based upon work supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation under grant No. 1217473. Thank you, too, to Annie Maxwell at the Atlanta Center for the Visually Impaired who helped get the necessary materials embossed. You are an inspiration. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2014 ACM.; 18th ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC 2014 ; Conference date: 13-09-2014 Through 17-09-2014",
year = "2014",
month = sep,
day = "13",
doi = "10.1145/2634317.2634330",
language = "English (US)",
series = "Proceedings - International Symposium on Wearable Computers, ISWC",
publisher = "Association for Computing Machinery",
pages = "111--118",
booktitle = "ISWC 2014 - Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Symposium on Wearable Computers",
}