Quantitative research methods

Quantitative research methods are often used in public health research and evaluation to determine the needs of a community or population, examine associations among multiple factors, and compare outcomes across subpopulations based on demographic characteristics (e.g., age, gender, race, education, income). Quantitative data and analysis can be used to provide strong evidence, but a basic understanding of the use and misuse of approaches is necessary to understand and interpret data. In this chapter, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of quantitative research methods with a focus on survey research, questionnaire design, graphic methods, sampling methods, hypothesis testing, p-values, and odds ratios. The key elements and terminology (e.g., validity, reliability) of quantitative research methods and areas for concern (e.g., bias) are defined. Real-world examples are used to demonstrate concepts.