TY - JOUR
T1 - Self-assembly of conjugated polymers at the air/water interface. Structure and properties of Langmuir and Langmuir-Blodgett films of amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes
AU - Reitzel, Niels
AU - Greve, Daniel R.
AU - Kjaer, Kristian
AU - Howes, Paul B.
AU - Jayaraman, Manikandan
AU - Savoy, Steve
AU - McCullough, Richard D.
AU - McDevitt, John T.
AU - Bjørnholm, Thomas
PY - 2000/6/21
Y1 - 2000/6/21
N2 - This paper provides the first direct structural evidence describing conjugated polymer self-assembly at the air - water interface. Grazing- incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and X-ray reflectivity measurements on a number of derivatives of amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes (e.g., poly(3'-dodecyl-3-(2,5,8-trioxanonyl)-2',5-bithiophene), polymer 1) show that these conjugated polymers self-assemble as 2-dimensional polycrystalline monolayers at the air/water interface with the amphiphilic polymers preorganized into rigid boards standing edge-on on the water surface. The monolayer consists of highly ordered (~70% crystalline) domains, with a centered rectangular unit cell having the polymer backbone along the a-axis and the thiophene π-stack along the b axis with a distance of 3.85-3.94 Å depending on the applied surface pressure. These domains are connected by soft, more disordered boundaries. This is evidenced by the macroscopic compressibility of the entire LB film (C(macro) ≃ 4-7 m/N) being one order of magnitude larger than the microscopic compressibility (C(micro) ≃ 0.6 m/N) of the polycrystalline domains. The alkyl chains in the 3-position of the thiophene rings are in a crystallographically disordered state due to their cross-sectional mismatch with the packing of the thiophenes. The importance of having the side chains coupled in a regioregular fashion to the 3-position of the thiophene rings is evidenced by a dramatic increase in the coherence length of the crystalline domains for highly regioregular samples (> 95% head-tail couplings) as compared to less regioregularly coupled polymers (~80% head-tail couplings). Transfer to solid support by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique induces an overall orientation of the domains in the film, giving rise to a dichroic ratio of up to 4. Reflection - absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) shows that the alkyl chains of transferred films are in an all-trans conformation with a locally ordered environment, having only few gauche defects.
AB - This paper provides the first direct structural evidence describing conjugated polymer self-assembly at the air - water interface. Grazing- incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD) and X-ray reflectivity measurements on a number of derivatives of amphiphilic regioregular polythiophenes (e.g., poly(3'-dodecyl-3-(2,5,8-trioxanonyl)-2',5-bithiophene), polymer 1) show that these conjugated polymers self-assemble as 2-dimensional polycrystalline monolayers at the air/water interface with the amphiphilic polymers preorganized into rigid boards standing edge-on on the water surface. The monolayer consists of highly ordered (~70% crystalline) domains, with a centered rectangular unit cell having the polymer backbone along the a-axis and the thiophene π-stack along the b axis with a distance of 3.85-3.94 Å depending on the applied surface pressure. These domains are connected by soft, more disordered boundaries. This is evidenced by the macroscopic compressibility of the entire LB film (C(macro) ≃ 4-7 m/N) being one order of magnitude larger than the microscopic compressibility (C(micro) ≃ 0.6 m/N) of the polycrystalline domains. The alkyl chains in the 3-position of the thiophene rings are in a crystallographically disordered state due to their cross-sectional mismatch with the packing of the thiophenes. The importance of having the side chains coupled in a regioregular fashion to the 3-position of the thiophene rings is evidenced by a dramatic increase in the coherence length of the crystalline domains for highly regioregular samples (> 95% head-tail couplings) as compared to less regioregularly coupled polymers (~80% head-tail couplings). Transfer to solid support by the Langmuir-Blodgett technique induces an overall orientation of the domains in the film, giving rise to a dichroic ratio of up to 4. Reflection - absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) shows that the alkyl chains of transferred films are in an all-trans conformation with a locally ordered environment, having only few gauche defects.
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U2 - 10.1021/ja9924501
DO - 10.1021/ja9924501
M3 - Article
AN - SCOPUS:0034697643
SN - 0002-7863
VL - 122
SP - 5788
EP - 5800
JO - Journal of the American Chemical Society
JF - Journal of the American Chemical Society
IS - 24
ER -