@article{0e205d56977b467881b7e1f4d53c3410,
title = "Sensitivity of Pine Island Glacier to observed ocean forcing",
abstract = "We present subannual observations (2009–2014) of a major West Antarctic glacier (Pine Island Glacier) and the neighboring ocean. Ongoing glacier retreat and accelerated ice flow were likely triggered a few decades ago by increased ocean-induced thinning, which may have initiated marine ice sheet instability. Following a subsequent 60% drop in ocean heat content from early 2012 to late 2013, ice flow slowed, but by < 4%, with flow recovering as the ocean warmed to prior temperatures. During this cold-ocean period, the evolving glacier-bed/ice shelf system was also in a geometry favorable to stabilization. However, despite a minor, temporary decrease in ice discharge, the basin-wide thinning signal did not change. Thus, as predicted by theory, once marine ice sheet instability is underway, a single transient high-amplitude ocean cooling has only a relatively minor effect on ice flow. The long-term effects of ocean temperature variability on ice flow, however, are not yet known.",
keywords = "glacier-ocean interactions, ice dynamics, ice shelves, ice streams, marine ice sheet instability",
author = "Knut Christianson and Mitchell Bushuk and Pierre Dutrieux and Parizek, {Byron R.} and Joughin, {Ian R.} and Alley, {Richard B.} and Shean, {David E.} and Abrahamsen, {E. Povl} and Sridhar Anandakrishnan and Heywood, {Karen J.} and Kim, {Tae Wan} and Lee, {Sang Hoon} and Keith Nicholls and Tim Stanton and Martin Truffer and Webber, {Benjamin G M} and Adrian Jenkins and Stan Jacobs and Robert Bindschadler and Holland, {David M.}",
note = "Funding Information: The work was supported by National Aeronautics and Space Administration grants NNX16AM01G (K.C.), NNX12AB69G (K.C. and D. H.), and NNX15AH84G (B.P.); U.S. National Science Foundation grants PLR-0732869 (D.H. and M.B.), PLR-0732730 (M.T.), PLR-1443190 (B.P.), PLR-0632282 (S.J.), ANT-0732926 (T.S.), AGS-138832 (B.P. and R.A.) and ANT-0424589 (I.J., K.C., R.A., S.A., and B.P.); New York University Abu Dhabi Research Institute grant G1204 (D.H.); U.K. Natural Environment Research Council iSTAR program?grants NE/J005703/1 (K.H. and B.W.), NE/G001367/1 (A.J. and P.D.), and NE/J005746/1 (A.J., K.H., B.W., and P.D.), and South Korean Polar Research Institute grant KOPRI PP15020 (S.L. and T.K.). The U.S.-NSF POLENET project provided GPS base data. Logistical support was provided by the U.S. Air Force, 139th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron of the New York Air National Guard, Kenn Borek Air, and by many dedicated individuals working as part of the Antarctic Support Contract, managed by Raytheon Polar Services Company and Lockheed-Martin, and by the officers, scientists and crew of RV Araon, RV Nathaniel B. Palmer and RRS James Clark Ross. GPS data are archived with UNAVCO (www.unavco.org). Oceanographic data have been submitted to the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/), British Oceanographic Data Centre (http://www.bodc.ac.uk/), and IEDA/MGDS Southern Ocean portal (http://www.marine-geo.org/index.php). SAR-derived ice velocity fields and grounding lines, and basal altimeter range data are freely available from the corresponding author. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright}2016. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.",
year = "2016",
month = oct,
day = "28",
doi = "10.1002/2016GL070500",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "43",
pages = "10,817--10,825",
journal = "Geophysical Research Letters",
issn = "0094-8276",
publisher = "American Geophysical Union",
number = "20",
}