TY - JOUR
T1 - Susceptibility of primary sensory cortex to spreading depolarizations
AU - Bogdanov, Volodymyr B.
AU - Middleton, Natalie A.
AU - Theriot, Jeremy J.
AU - Parker, Patrick D.
AU - Abdullah, Osama M.
AU - Ju, Y. Sungtaek
AU - Hartings, Jed A.
AU - Brennan, K. C.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the International Headache Society (Research Fellowship to V.B.B.), the National Institutes of Health (Grant NS 085413), US Army Congressionally Directed Medical Research Programs (CDMRP) Peer Reviewed Medical Research Program (Grants PR100060 and PR130373 to K.C.B. and Psychological Health/Traumatic Brain Injury Research Program Grant to J.A.H.). We thank David O. Okonkwo, Clemens Pahl, M. Ross Bullock, Bruce Mathern, and Norberto Andaluz (Co-Operative Study on Brain Injury Depolarizations) for contributing clinical data, and we thank the members of the Headache Physiology Laboratory for helpful discussions on experimental design, analysis, and review of the manuscript.
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 the authors.
PY - 2016/4/27
Y1 - 2016/4/27
N2 - Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recognized as actors in neurological disorders as diverse as migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Migraine aura involves sensory percepts, suggesting that sensory cortices might be intrinsically susceptible to SDs. We used optical imaging, MRI, and field potential and potassium electrode recordings in mice and electrocorticographic recordings in humans to determine the susceptibility of different brain regions to SDs. Optical imaging experiments in mice under isoflurane anesthesia showed that both cortical spreading depression and terminal anoxic depolarization arose preferentially in the whisker barrel region of parietal sensory cortex. MRI recordings under isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/isoflurane, and urethane anesthesia demonstrated that the depolarizations did not propagate from a subcortical source. Potassium concentrations showed larger increases in sensory cortex, suggesting a mechanism of susceptibility. Sensory stimulation biased the timing but not the location of depolarization onset. In humans with TBI, there was a trend toward increased incidence of SDs in parietal/temporal sensory cortex compared with other regions. In conclusion, SDs are inducible preferentially in primary sensory cortex in mice and most likely in humans. This tropism can explain the predominant sensory phenomenology of migraine aura. It also demonstrates that sensory cortices are vulnerable in brain injury.
AB - Spreading depolarizations (SDs) are recognized as actors in neurological disorders as diverse as migraine and traumatic brain injury (TBI). Migraine aura involves sensory percepts, suggesting that sensory cortices might be intrinsically susceptible to SDs. We used optical imaging, MRI, and field potential and potassium electrode recordings in mice and electrocorticographic recordings in humans to determine the susceptibility of different brain regions to SDs. Optical imaging experiments in mice under isoflurane anesthesia showed that both cortical spreading depression and terminal anoxic depolarization arose preferentially in the whisker barrel region of parietal sensory cortex. MRI recordings under isoflurane, ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/isoflurane, and urethane anesthesia demonstrated that the depolarizations did not propagate from a subcortical source. Potassium concentrations showed larger increases in sensory cortex, suggesting a mechanism of susceptibility. Sensory stimulation biased the timing but not the location of depolarization onset. In humans with TBI, there was a trend toward increased incidence of SDs in parietal/temporal sensory cortex compared with other regions. In conclusion, SDs are inducible preferentially in primary sensory cortex in mice and most likely in humans. This tropism can explain the predominant sensory phenomenology of migraine aura. It also demonstrates that sensory cortices are vulnerable in brain injury.
KW - Anoxic depolarization
KW - Cortical spreading depression
KW - Migraine
KW - Sensory cortex
KW - Traumatic brain injury
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U2 - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-15.2016
DO - 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3694-15.2016
M3 - Article
C2 - 27122032
AN - SCOPUS:84966553296
SN - 0270-6474
VL - 36
SP - 4733
EP - 4743
JO - Journal of Neuroscience
JF - Journal of Neuroscience
IS - 17
ER -