Sustainability dimensions and PM _2.5 in supply chain logistics

Sustainable Supply Chain Management (SSCM) is a topic of growing interest among researchers. Many works have investigated the negative impact of CO ₂ emission, but have put less emphasis on other emission types. Many works have focused on the economic and environmental dimensions of sustainability but lacked content on the social dimension. Since SSCM is concerned with all aspects of sustainability, this work undertakes the three dimensions of sustainability and models particulate pollution (PM _2.5 ) which has been cited in the literature to have a negative impact on human health. The paper constructs a mathematical programming model that minimizes the transportation costs and the undesirable social medical costs for remedying the release of PM _2.5 into the atmosphere. The paper solves a model that evaluates different transportation modes, transportation costs, carbon emissions, PM _2.5 , medical costs, and capturing options. Moreover, the work utilizes a Monte Carlo simulation to best present the inherent variations in the model. Largely, the work provides stakeholders with transportation mode choices and greening opportunity investments to minimize the overall transportation costs while respecting physical and operational constraints.