Systematic latency variation of the auditory evoked M100: From average to single-trial data

Standard analyses of neurophysiologically evoked response data rely on signal averaging across many epochs associated with specific events. The amplitudes and latencies of these averaged events are subsequently interpreted in the context of the given perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. Can such critical timing properties of event-related responses be recovered from single-trial data? Here, we make use of the M100 latency paradigm used in previous magnetoencephalography (MEG) research to evaluate a novel single-trial analysis approach. Specifically, the latency of the auditory evoked M100 varies systematically with stimulus frequency over a well-defined time range (lower frequencies, e.g., 125 Hz, yield up to 25 ms longer latencies than higher frequencies, e.g., 1000 Hz). Here, we show that the complex filtering approach to single-trial analysis recovers this key characteristic of the M100 response, as well as some other important response properties relating to lateralization. The results illustrate (i) the utility of the complex filtering method and (ii) the potential of the M100 latency to be used for stimulus encoding, since the relevant variation can be observed in single trials.