The impact of social–cognitive stress on speech variability, determinism, and stability in adults who do and do not stutter

Purpose: This study examined the impact of social–cognitive presence contributed to greater within-sentence stress on sentence-level speech variability, determinism, and determinism and stability in the AWS. A subset of AWS stability in adults who stutter (AWS) and adults who do not who were more susceptible to experiencing anxiety stutter (AWNS). We demonstrated that complementing the exhibited reduced across-sentence variability in the spatiotemporal index (STI) with recurrence quantification audience condition compared with the nonaudience analysis (RQA) provides a novel approach to both assessing condition. and interpreting speech variability in stuttering. Conclusions: This study extends the assessment Method: Twenty AWS and 21 AWNS repeated sentences of speech variability in AWS and AWNS into the in audience and nonaudience conditions while their lip social–cognitive domain and demonstrates that the movements were tracked. Across-sentence variability characterization of speech within sentences using RQA was assessed via the STI; within-sentence determinism is complementary to the across-sentence STI measure. and stability were assessed via RQA. AWS seem to adopt a more restrictive, less flexible Results: Compared with the AWNS, the AWS produced speaking approach in response to social–cognitive stress, speech that was more variable across sentences and which is presumably a strategy for maintaining observably more deterministic and stable within sentences. Audience fluent speech.