TY - JOUR
T1 - The inequitable distribution of tobacco outlet density
T2 - the role of income in two Black Mid-Atlantic geopolitical areas
AU - Fakunle, D. O.
AU - Milam, A. J.
AU - Furr-Holden, C. D.
AU - Butler, J.
AU - Thorpe, R. J.
AU - LaVeist, T. A.
N1 - Funding Information:
This work was supported by the National Institute on Drug Abuse ( T32 DA007292 ), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 1U01CE001954-01A1 , and the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions ( P60MD000214 ). Dr. James Butler III was supported in part through his Mentored Career Development Award to Promote Diversity (K01CA134939).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2016 The Royal Society for Public Health
PY - 2016/7/1
Y1 - 2016/7/1
N2 - Objectives Studies have shown that communities with higher concentrations of low-income racial and ethnic minorities correlate with a greater presence of tobacco outlets. Community-level income has consistently been among the strongest predictors of tobacco outlet density. This study analyzes two Maryland geopolitical areas with similar racial concentrations yet differing income levels in an attempt to disentangle the race–income relationship with tobacco outlet density. Study design In this cross-sectional examination of tobacco outlet and census tract-level sociodemographic data, Baltimore City, Maryland, and Prince George's County, Maryland, were geocoded to determine tobacco outlet density. Methods Tobacco outlet density was defined as the mean number of tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per census tract. Comparisons of tobacco outlet density and sociodemographic variables were analysed via two-sample t-tests, and the direct effect of sociodemographic variables on tobacco outlet density for each area was analysed via spatial lag regressions. Results Prince George's County, the area with the higher income level ($77,190 vs $43,571), has a significantly lower tobacco outlet density than Baltimore City (P < 0.001). Prince George's County has a 67.5% Black population and an average of 3.94 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. By contrast, Baltimore City has a 65.3% Black population and an average of 7.95 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. Spatial lag regression model results indicate an inverse relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City and Prince George's County (β = −0.03, P < 0.01 & β = −0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), and a significant interaction term indicating a greater magnitude in the relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City (β = −0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion Results suggest that higher socio-economic status, even in primarily underrepresented racial and ethnic geopolitical areas, is linked to lower tobacco outlet density.
AB - Objectives Studies have shown that communities with higher concentrations of low-income racial and ethnic minorities correlate with a greater presence of tobacco outlets. Community-level income has consistently been among the strongest predictors of tobacco outlet density. This study analyzes two Maryland geopolitical areas with similar racial concentrations yet differing income levels in an attempt to disentangle the race–income relationship with tobacco outlet density. Study design In this cross-sectional examination of tobacco outlet and census tract-level sociodemographic data, Baltimore City, Maryland, and Prince George's County, Maryland, were geocoded to determine tobacco outlet density. Methods Tobacco outlet density was defined as the mean number of tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per census tract. Comparisons of tobacco outlet density and sociodemographic variables were analysed via two-sample t-tests, and the direct effect of sociodemographic variables on tobacco outlet density for each area was analysed via spatial lag regressions. Results Prince George's County, the area with the higher income level ($77,190 vs $43,571), has a significantly lower tobacco outlet density than Baltimore City (P < 0.001). Prince George's County has a 67.5% Black population and an average of 3.94 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. By contrast, Baltimore City has a 65.3% Black population and an average of 7.95 tobacco outlets per 1000 persons per tract. Spatial lag regression model results indicate an inverse relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City and Prince George's County (β = −0.03, P < 0.01 & β = −0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), and a significant interaction term indicating a greater magnitude in the relationship between income and tobacco outlet density in Baltimore City (β = −0.05, P < 0.01). Conclusion Results suggest that higher socio-economic status, even in primarily underrepresented racial and ethnic geopolitical areas, is linked to lower tobacco outlet density.
KW - Census tracts
KW - Communities
KW - Geopolitical areas
KW - Income
KW - Race
KW - Tobacco outlets
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U2 - 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.032
DO - 10.1016/j.puhe.2016.02.032
M3 - Article
C2 - 27076440
AN - SCOPUS:84962750986
SN - 0033-3506
VL - 136
SP - 35
EP - 40
JO - Public Health
JF - Public Health
ER -