@article{4b4490a139434e5f93c700cba557f8e2,
title = "The Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP): Experimental design and forcing input data for CMIP6",
abstract = "The enhancement of the stratospheric aerosol layer by volcanic eruptions induces a complex set of responses causing global and regional climate effects on a broad range of timescales. Uncertainties exist regarding the climatic response to strong volcanic forcing identified in coupled climate simulations that contributed to the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). In order to better understand the sources of these model diversities, the Model Intercomparison Project on the climatic response to Volcanic forcing (VolMIP) has defined a coordinated set of idealized volcanic perturbation experiments to be carried out in alignment with the CMIP6 protocol. VolMIP provides a common stratospheric aerosol data set for each experiment to minimize differences in the applied volcanic forcing. It defines a set of initial conditions to assess how internal climate variability contributes to determining the response. VolMIP will assess to what extent volcanically forced responses of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system are robustly simulated by state-of-the-art coupled climate models and identify the causes that limit robust simulated behavior, especially differences in the treatment of physical processes. This paper illustrates the design of the idealized volcanic perturbation experiments in the VolMIP protocol and describes the common aerosol forcing input data sets to be used.",
author = "Davide Zanchettin and Myriam Khodri and Claudia Timmreck and Matthew Toohey and Anja Schmidt and Gerber, {Edwin P.} and Gabriele Hegerl and Alan Robock and Pausata, {Francesco S.R.} and Ball, {William T.} and Bauer, {Susanne E.} and Slimane Bekki and Dhomse, {Sandip S.} and {Le Grande}, {Allegra N.} and Mann, {Graham W.} and Lauren Marshall and Michael Mills and Marion Marchand and Ulrike Niemeier and Virginie Poulain and Eugene Rozanov and Angelo Rubino and Andrea Stenke and Kostas Tsigaridis and Fiona Tummon",
note = "Funding Information: VolMIP is dedicated to the memory of Thomas Crowley (1948-2014), whose pioneering work on volcanic forcing on climate has inspired many researchers and strongly contributed to the foundation upon which VolMIP was built. We thank the broad scientific community for the stimulating discussions that motivated VolMIP and for their contribution to the definition of the experiments and the comments on this draft. We thank the climate modeling groups who have committed to perform the VolMIP experiments. We are grateful to the CMIP6 Panel who guided our work throughout the endorsement process, in particular concerning their recommendation to upgrade the volc-pinatubo-strat/surf experiments, which led to a stronger Tier 1 experimental palette. We thank Christoph Raible and an anonymous reviewer for their helpful comments on the manuscript and on the VolMIP protocol. The volc-cluster-21C experiment was added to the VolMIP protocol following a suggestion by Ingo Bethke. We thank Martin Juckes for his assistance in preparing the CMIP6 data request and Karl Taylor for his assistance throughout the endorsement process. We thank Andrew Schurer for discussion about solar forcing. We acknowledge the support provided by the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), which is responsible for the CMIP5. M. Khodri acknowledges grant support from the LABEX L-IPSL, funded by the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche under the {"}Programme d'Investissements d'Avenir{"}(grant no. ANR-10- LABX-18-01), a grant from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche MORDICUS, under the {"}Programme Environnement et Soci?t?{"} (rant no. ANR-13-SENV-0002-02) and benefited from the IPSL data access PRODIGUER. C. Timmreck acknowledges support from the German Federal Ministry of Education (BMBF), research program {"}MiKlip{"} (FKZ: 01LP1517B/01LP1130A) and the European Project 603557-STRATOCLIM under program FP7- ENV.2013.6.1-2; STRAOCLIM also partially supported S. Bekki's work. M. Toohey acknowledges support from the BMBF, research program {"}MiKlip{"} (FKZ: 01LP1130B). A. Robock is supported by US National Science Foundation (NSF) grant AGS-1430051. E. P. Gerber acknowledges NSF grant AGS-1264195. A. Schmidt was supported by an Academic Research Fellowship from the University of Leeds and NERC grant NE/N006038/1. W. T. Ball was funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation projects 149182 and 163206. G. Hegerl is supported by the ERC project TITAN (EC-320691), by NCAS and the Wolfson Foundation and the Royal Society as a Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award (WM130060) holder. E. Rozanov was partially supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation under grant CRSII2-147659 (FUPSOL II).",
year = "2016",
month = aug,
day = "17",
doi = "10.5194/gmd-9-2701-2016",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "9",
pages = "2701--2719",
journal = "Geoscientific Model Development",
issn = "1991-959X",
publisher = "Copernicus Gesellschaft mbH",
number = "8",
}