@article{0a68e84f565a4c798dd5d1db3e1b7d36,
title = "The psychology of hate: Moral concerns differentiate hate from dislike",
abstract = "We investigated whether any differences in the psychological conceptualization of hate and dislike were simply a matter of degree of negativity (i.e., hate falls on the end of the continuum of dislike) or also morality (i.e., hate is imbued with distinct moral components that distinguish it from dislike). In three lab studies in Canada and the United States, participants reported disliked and hated attitude objects and rated each on dimensions including valence, attitude strength, morality, and emotional content. Quantitative and qualitative measures revealed that hated attitude objects were more negative than disliked attitude objects and associated with moral beliefs and emotions, even after adjusting for differences in negativity. In Study 4, we analysed the rhetoric on real hate sites and complaint forums and found that the language used on prominent hate websites contained more words related to morality, but not negativity, relative to complaint forums.",
keywords = "attitudes, dislike, emotions, hate, morality",
author = "Clara Pretus and Ray, {Jennifer L.} and Yael Granot and Cunningham, {William A.} and {Van Bavel}, {Jay J.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors thank Stacey Fox, Doreen Kinley, Bryan Moeller, Erika Price, and Jessica Wilkins for assisting with data collection and coding. We also wish to thank members of the NYU Social Perception and Evaluation Lab, UT Computational Affective Neuroscience Lab, and OSU Group for Attitudes and Persuasion for constructive comments. Parts of this research were presented by Jennifer Ray to the Association for Psychological Science in 2014, to the Attitudes Preconference at the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in 2014, and to the Society for Personality and Social Psychology in 2015. This research was partially supported by a SSHRC Canada Graduate Scholarship and NSF Award (#1349089) to Jay Van Bavel, a NSF Graduate Research Fellowship to Yael Granot, and SSHRC Standard Research Grant and Mershon Center for International Security Studies Grant to William Cunningham. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022 The Authors. European Journal of Social Psychology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.",
year = "2023",
month = mar,
doi = "10.1002/ejsp.2906",
language = "English (US)",
volume = "53",
pages = "336--353",
journal = "European Journal of Social Psychology",
issn = "0046-2772",
publisher = "John Wiley and Sons Ltd",
number = "2",
}